Asters Star-Shaped Microtubule Arrays

Asters are radial microtubule arrays found in animal cells. These star-shaped structures form around each pair of centrioles during mitosis. Asters help to manipulate chromosomes during cell division to ensure that each daughter cell has the appropriate complement of chromosomes. They consist of astral microtubules that are generated from cylindrical microtubules called centrioles. Centrioles are found within the  centrosome, an organelle located near the cell nucleus that forms the spindle poles. Asters and Cell Division Asters are vital to the processes of mitosis and meiosis. They are a component of the spindle apparatus, which also includes  spindle fibers, motor proteins, and chromosomes. Asters help to organize and position the spindle apparatus during cell division. They also determine the site of the cleavage furrow that splits the dividing cell in half during cytokinesis. During the cell cycle, asters form around the centriole pairs located at each cell pole. Microtubules called polar fibers  are generated from each centrosome, which lengthen and elongate the cell. Other spindle fibers attach to and move chromosomes during cell division. Asters in Mitosis Asters initially appear in prophase. They form around each centriole pair. Asters organize spindle fibers that extend from the cell poles (polar fibers) and fibers that attach to chromosomes at their kinetochores.Spindle fibers move chromosomes to the center of the cell during metaphase. Chromosomes are kept in place at the metaphase plate by the equal forces of the spindle fibers pushing on the centromeres of the chromosomes. Polar fibers extending from the poles interlock like the fingers of folded hands.Duplicated chromosomes (sister chromatids)  separate and are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell during anaphase. This separation is accomplished as spindle fibers shorten, pulling attached chromatids along with them.In telophase, spindle fibers break down and separated chromosomes are enveloped within their own nuclear envelope.The final step of cell division is  cytokinesis.  Cytokinesis involves the division of the cytoplasm, which separates the dividing cell into two new daughter cells. In animal cells, a contractile ring of microfilaments forms a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two. The position of the cleavage furrow is determined by the asters. How Asters Induce Cleavage Furrow Formation Asters induce cleavage furrow formation due to interactions with the cell cortex. The cell cortex is found directly beneath the plasma membrane and consists of actin filaments and associated proteins. During the course of cell division, asters growing from centrioles extend their microtublules toward one another. Microtubules from nearby asters interconnect, which helps to limit expansion and cell size. Some aster microtubules continue to extend until contact is made with the cortex. It is this contact with the cortex that induces the formation of a cleavage furrow. Asters help to position cleavage furrows so that cytoplasmic division results in two evenly divided cells. The cell cortex is responsible for producing the contractile ring that constricts the cell and pinches it into two cells. Cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis are essential for proper development of cells, tissues, and for proper development of an organism as a whole. Improper cleavage furrow formation in cytoki nesis can produce cells with abnormal chromosome numbers, which can lead to the development of cancer cells or birth defects. Sources: Lodish, Harvey. â€Å"Microtubule Dynamics and Motor Proteins during Mitosis.† Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1970, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21537/.Mitchison, T.J. et al. â€Å"Growth, Interaction and Positioning of Microtubule Asters in Extremely Large Vertebrate Embryo Cells.† Cytoskeleton (Hoboken, N.J.) 69.10 (2012): 738–750. PMC. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3690567/.

Malignant Iago of Shakespeares Othello Essay - 1721 Words

Pure evil is like a cancerous plague that harms all those who come upon it. In the tragic play â€Å"Othello† by William Shakespeare, Iago is a character that represents pure evil – a malignant cancer to all those around him. His evil is exposed through his choice of words, his ability to manipulate people, and his opportunistic ways. First, Iago’s evil is shown through his choice of words that demonstrate his vulgarity and his sinister intentions. Iago’s language is extremely base and forward; he does show any remorse or sympathy in any situation. For example, Desdemona has recently married Othello; when Desdemona’s father, Brabantio, hears the news he becomes enraged. To make the situation much worse, Iago says to†¦show more content†¦An example of his evil imagery is when he says, â€Å"It is engendered. Hell and night/Must bring this monstrous birth to the worlds light.† (Act 1, sc.iii, lines 396-397). His voracity is seen in this quote; he calls upon hell and night to give birth to his evil plan. The way he uses the word, hell and night, associate him with evil which derives from the word devil. Another example that proves Iago’s evil imagery is when he says, â€Å"Divinity of hell!/When devils will the blackest sins put on.† (Act 2,sc.iii, lines 340- 341). In this quote, Iago, once again calls upon hell but this time describes it as divine. Iago’s sinister thoughts are of evil essence because he calls upon the blackest of sins to aid him in his evil quest. Thus, Iago’s choice of words prove his sinister intentions; which also include his ability to manipulate people. Iago’s evil is also demonstrated by his ability to manipulate people and situations through his words and through his actions. The first victim to fall under Iago’s manipulative spell is the half witted Roderigo. Iago recognizes that Roderigo is consumed by lust for Desdemona and would go to the extremes to make her his own. Iago convinces Roderigo that the only way to win Desdemona’s heart is to give her money; â€Å"...Put money in thy purse...† (Act 1, sc. iii, line 339). However, Iago is able to manipulate Roderigo’s infatuation and make himself a profit by taking the money intended for Desdemona andShow MoreRelatedAp Lit- Othello Prompt-1979 Essay628 Words   |  3 Pagesthink.   Avoid plot summary. A man falls into a violent epileptic shock from sheer anger and jealousy. Othello is an aspiring man, who under delusional rage, allows revenge to blind him and so he betrays the trust of friendship and marriage. Actions alone can merit the characterization of evil simply because some deeds are too purely vicious and malignant, however William Shakespeare’s Othello creates a character of far greater intricacy than sole action- intricacy demonstrated by the developmentRead MoreOthello Character Analysis Essay801 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis of Othello in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello† The main character, Othello, in the Shakespearean play Othello, is a man of many strengths, but also a man of great weakness. The play is center around Othello’s downfall despite Shakespeare presenting him as a distinguished and respected soldier. He is also depicted as courageous and loving to his wife Desdemona. However, Othello starts to show his insecurities and weaknesses during the play. Indeed, Othello becomes a belligerent,Read MoreAnalyzing Humanity in Othello: The Reason Why it is Still Worth Studying1675 Words   |  7 PagesHumanity in Othello: The Reason It is Still Worth Studying Dr. David Allen White of the US Naval Academy asserts that we are all Iago now (White 2000). The claim may seem outlandish at first. Modern man representative of Shakespeares greatest arch-villain? How could one even suggest such a thing? Whites argument is followed by a series of points, each of which is aimed to help his audience realize that the character they most readily identify with is not Othello (the tragic hero of the drama)Read More Iago’s Scheming in Shakespeares Othello Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesScheming in Othello  Ã‚   Iago is a powerful predator who exploits those around him by infecting their perceptions of truth with carefully chosen fallacy. His skill in finding the proverbial chinks in others armor allows him to skillfully weave his machinations of destroying Othello into their minds and actions; by manipulating characters perceptions of Desdemona, Iago gains the leverage he needs to exploit each character. No one is impervious to Iagos seething purpose; even Othello falls preyRead MoreEssay about Lack of Reason in Shakespeares Othello1273 Words   |  6 PagesLack of Reason in Shakespeares Othello William Shakespeare presents the character Othello as an excellent leader in the play, Othello. The hero has strength, charisma, and eloquence. Yet Othello cannot reason. The battlefield and Senate are, at least in Othello, depicted as places of honor, where men speak truly. In addition, the matters of war and state are relatively simple; no one lies to Othello, all seem to respect him. He never even has to fight in the play, with the enemy disappearingRead MoreOthello: Admirable Leader but Poor Rationalist 966 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†, the main character is presented as an admirable leader but a poor rationalist. He is recognized as a hero with the qualities of vigor, charm, and eloquence. However these principles of leadership aren’t always viewed as the criteria for a leader. The battleground is, to Othello at least, is depicted as a place of admiration, where men speak truthfully to one another. Also, the given circumstanc es of state and warfare are rather straightforward; no one deceivesRead More Iago in William Shakespeares Othello Essay2704 Words   |  11 PagesIago in William Shakespeares Othello Unequivocally, Iago plays an important and major function in the tragedy of Othello. By the end of the play, Iago has been directly responsible for the deaths of Roderigo, Emilia and the protagonist and his love. Iagos importance to the play is revealed by his contribution to the plot and his significance relative to other characters. Iagos function, which invariably adds to the importance he has on the play, is to lead to the downfall of Othello thereforeRead MoreIago’s Jealousy Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesIago’s Jealousy In Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello, good is often confronted by evil, in which almost every case is in the form of jealousy. Iago, the plays antagonist, is a very manipulative villain. Iago uses his own agony and distress brought upon him by his envy of others, to provoke the same agony within the characters in the play. Jealousy’s ability are shown to influence people to new ends and make all humanistic judgment disappear leaving that man a monster torn apart by envy. Jealousy’sRead MoreOthello By William Shakespeare s Othello Essay1230 Words   |  5 Pages Previously, in Act 3.4, Othello begins to suspect Desdemona’s loyalty, as he continuously asks Desdemona for the handkerchief, yet she keeps on changing the topic. In Act 4.1, Iago continues to convince Othello of Desdemona’s faithfulness. In Act 3.4, Othello defended Desdemona when Iago accused her; but in Act 4.1, their position is switched. Othello becomes more aware of what Iago is saying and the anger that he has towards Iago has significantly reduced, while he begins to doubt Desdemona.Read MoreOthello Character Analysis1076 Words   |  5 PagesHarriet Williams delves into the waters of jealousy and deceit in Oliver Parker’s Othello. Adapting Shakespeare for the screen can be problematic, as Oliver Parker discovered with his 1995 directing debut, Othello. I sat down with Oliver Parker, to discuss the challenge of portraying the actions of a noble Moor who brutally sacrifices his beloved wife over a strategically placed handkerchief. The characterisation of Iago, whose evil maneuverings create an irrevocable wreckage out of the lives of at

Starbucks Marketing mix Free Essays

Below is a table for you to apply the elements of marketing mix (7Ps) to your selected business organisation. Starbucks Product and service -Starbucks stores offer a choice of regular or decaffeinated coffee beverages, a special â€Å"coffee of the day,† and a broad selection of Italian-style espresso drinks. In addition, customers could choose from a wide selection of fresh-roasted whole-bean coffees. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Marketing mix or any similar topic only for you Order Now When you walk into the Starbucks, you notice they are promoting specialty rinks or products within the store. For example they promote their new coffee by giving free samples to their customers and that maximise the publicity of the product and generate revenue for the business. Packaging Creative and innovative packaging is what Starbucks does so that they can be seen and get noticed in the crowded market of coffee. For Example they redesign the packaging of their coffee to recreate the shopping experience and quickly identify the coffee by roast. The new packaging of their coffee gets the attention of new ustomers because customers can choose what kind of coffee you want Just by looking at the package (different colour, message). Price -Price and pricing is one of the most important elements of the marketing mix, as it is the only mix, which generates a turnover for the organisation/business. In July 2013 Starbucks decided to raise the price of their beverage by 1%, they claim that the price increase is due to rising labour and non-coffee commodity costs. Starbucks raise prices to maximize profits from these price insensitive customers who now depend n their strong gourmet coffee. Rather than trying to compete with cheaper chains like Dunkin, Starbucks uses price hikes to separate itself from the pack and reinforce the premium image of their brand and products. Place -Starbucks takes a thoughtful and strategic approach when choosing their store locations, carefully considering many factors including community demand. We are always looking for great locations to both better meet the needs of our current customers and to reach new ones. They did research on different areas before utting a store there, based on things like demand, traffic and parking, they may conclude multiple stores will serve customers better. People The baristas (employees) are the foundation of Starbucks. â€Å"When it comes to providing Starbucks customers an exceptional experience, our baristas are as important as the quality of the coffee that we serve†. http://www. starbucks. com/ Baristas really are the face of Starbucks. They are an important part of their customers’ day, and experts in handcrafting delicious, perfect beverages. Connecting nd creating the moments that make a difference in each person’s day. Processes Starbucks uses coffee from different origin. I will choose one of them and describe the process from the supplier to the customer. Decided to take a look at the Ethiopian coffee, as his name says it came from Ethiopia, it is a medium-bodied coffee who offers soft, velvety notes of dark chocolate, subtle hints of peppery spice, and sweet, mandarin-like citrus for a balanced and approachable taste in the cup. From Ethiopia to the Starbucks manufacturer where the coffee is roasted packages and directly end to their stores where the coffee is available for customers. Physical evidence Starbucks provides information on its products, business partnerships, and career opportunities on its website. The famous Starbucks Logo (which is green and features a partially nude siren) has stayed largely unchanged since its origin, However it has been altered to adjust to international sensibilities. Starbucks uses white cups with their green logo on it, it comes with different sizes. It was specially design to resist heat, mainly because they serve hot beverage. It also comes with a lids. Branding The Starbucks brand has amazingly been able to create a reputation for itself as a very hip and mainstream coffee hub. People of all ages, including adults and young teens, are flocking to this coffee franchise to enjoy all the different caffeinated and specialized drinks it has to offer. Over the years, the Starbucks brand has cleverly re- branded its products and coffee cups in order to cater for a more modern generation and the company has benefit from it as a result. How to cite Starbucks Marketing mix, Papers

Australian Accounting Standard Environmentâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Australian Accounting Standard Environment? Answer: Introduction The present research paper aims to discuss and analyze the Australian accounting standard setting environment. In this context, the report presents a literature review in relation to the procedures adopted by the AASB for incorporating changes into international accounting standards. Also, it demonstrates the process through which AASB adopts local and Australian issues into Australian accounting standards. In addition to this, a report is presented at last in response to the call for comment in relation an Exposure Draft ED 116 on the AASB website. Literature Review International accounting standards changes adoption into the Australian accounting standards As per the information obtained from Australian Accounting Standards Board (2017), the AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board) develop accounting policies and procedures to be followed by the businesses operating within the country for developing their financial reports. The accounting policies and procedures adopted by the AASB are developed in accordance with the IASB (International Accounting Standard Board) rules and conventions. The AASB has made the Australian accounting standards as equivalent to IASB in the year 2004 as pre the strategic direction of the Financial Reporting Council. The AASB complies with the IASB standards by integrating the content and words of the International Financial Reporting Standards. The AASB modifies the content of IASB in accordance with the legal environment of Australia. The AASB modifies the wording of the IASB as per the Corporations Act 2001 without affecting the substance of the requirements. The AASB aims at ensuring highest quality o f financial reporting in Australian business firms by adopting the IASB standards (Australian Accounting Standards Board, 2017). According to Deegan (2012), the modifications adopted by the IASB are adopted by the AASB as per the strategic direction of the Financial Reporting Council. The modifications are also included by the AASB work program with varying level of involvement that can be substantive or non-substantive. The IASB regulatory adopts and integrates changes into the accounting standards with the aim of improving the quality of financial reports. The Australian stakeholders provide recommendations to AASB for consideration of the new issues adopted by the IASB for improving the relevance and reliability of financial reports. The AASB develops a project proposal in relation to the proposed changes that identifies and illustrates the potential benefits raising form adoption of the IASB changes. The project proposal also outlines the cost of undertaking the proposed changes and analyzes the availability of resources for their successful adoption. The project proposal is reviewed by the AASB for taking decision in relation to whether the project should be considered or not. The decision of the Board to not add a topic to the AASB conventions as per the IASB changes is reflected as formal report into agenda rejection statements. However, in the situation of adopting the proposed changes, the AASB develop an agenda paper addressing the scope of issues, alternative approaches and benefit realized (Deegan, 2012). As per the information obtained from AASB adoption of IASB standards by 2005 (2005), the proposed change is implemented by taking into consideration the relevant materials from other standard-setting accounting bodies such as IASB and New Zealand Accounting Standards Board. The AASB needs to comply with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act (ASIC) 2001 at the time of adopting the IASB changes. The implementation of each and every IASB standards needs to be in accordance with the ASIC Act 2001. The Financial Reporting Council has mandated AASB to adopt standards equivalent to IASB for enabling the business entities in Australia to compete effectively in the foreign markets. This was mainly done to promote the development of Australian business firms and to promote their goodwill in the international market. This will help the Australian forms to attract investors from the overseas market thus promoting their growth and development. The compliance of Australian busin ess firms with the IASB financial reporting requirements will help in making their financial reports more understandable, comparable, relevant and reliable in the eyes of foreign investors. This is essential for developing the investor confidence in the Australian economy thus promoting the country long-term economic growth (AASB adoption of IASB standards by 2005, 2005). Local, Australian issues Incorporation into the Australian accounting standards by AASB Patel and Chand (2011) stated that the AASB in Australia holds the responsibility of developing accounting rules and standards for all type of reporting entities that includes profit and non-profit entities. However, IASB standards are mainly developed in relation to provide guidance for-profit entities in developing the financial reports. The AASB additionally includes the financial reporting requirements for non-profit entities that do not have any impact on the requirements in relation to for-profit entities. Thus, it can result in the development of a situation where a non-profit entity complies with the AASB standards and inconsistent with IASB standards. This is because the additional requirements stated by AASB for non-profit entities do not comply with IASB financial reporting requirements. As such, the local Australian issues are incorporated by the AASB through stating the additional disclosures. The AASB also contains a commentary for providing guidance to the domestic bus iness entities for dealing with the local issues. The commentary is not equivalent to the IASB standards but provides benefit to the local firms for complying with the AASB rules and conventions (Patel and Chand, 2011). Williamson (2004) stated that the AASB has also maintained that such additional disclosures does not contradict with the IASB standards but is only meant for resolving the situations that are faced by businesses while operating in the Australian environment. The AASB in developing additional requirements for dealing with local issues complies with the ASIC Act. The Act proves to be helpful for the board in developing the requirements about allocating scare resources, reducing the cost of capital and protecting the investor confidence in the Australian business market. The AASB also includes an Australian application paragraph for mentioning about the Corporations Act 2001 in order to deal with the local issues. The corporations Act 2001 helps in the incorporation of local issues prevailing in the Australian business environment into the AASB standards. However, AASB for adopting the local issues ensures that these additional requirements do not have any impact on the substance of the financial reporting requirements adopted as per the IASB standards (Williamson, 2004). Report Likely impact on company accounting if the recommended changes are written into IAS 116/AASB 116 The Exposure Draft ED 116 of IASB proposes to integrate changes in the IAS 16 of Property, Plant and Equipment. The amendment states that an entity should not deduct from the cost of an item belonging to property, plant and equipment the sales proceeds realized from selling items while bringing the asset to the desired location. Thus, as per this change an entity should not deduct from the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment any sales arising from testing the equipment before it is available for use. The business entities are entitled to recognize the sales proceed in its profit or loss. The likely impact of this recommended change if written into AASB 116 is that they have to recalculate the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment initially by recognizing each of the items of property, plant and equipment. This can be very time-consuming for business entities (AASB Exposure Draft: ED 280, 2017). Likely impact of the change on countries with higher exposure to manufacturing operations The entities that operate in manufacturing sector are most likely to get impacted by the respective recommended changes of the IASB. As such, the countries with higher exposure to manufacturing operations need to integrate the proposed changes into their national accounting standard setting bodies for its effective compliance (AASB Exposure Draft: ED 280, 2017). Effectiveness, or fairness, of trying to incorporate a "one size fits all" approach with international Accounting standard The effective compliance of all the IASB standards by the national accounting board such as AASB would prove to be helpful in overcoming the disparity in financial reporting. This will help in developing uniform and comparable financial statements that can be easily understood by the end-users. However, in some situations such as the recommended change proposed by IASB in relation to IAS 116, that are narrow in scope should be adopted by the countries that have higher exposure to such changes. The recommended change in IAS 16 is most likely to impact the countries with higher manufacturing operations. Thus, in such cases, the national accounting board should disclose additional requirements to comply with the IASB changes effectively. The countries with less exposure to the proposed change should formally report the agenda under agenda rejection statements. This will help in removing the unnecessary burden on the financial reporting requirements of other national accounting boards. T hus, the national accounting board cam modify their reporting requirements if the need arises in relation to proposed change by proper declaration that it does not impact the substance of reporting (Williamson, 2004). Conclusion It can be summarized form overall discussion, that national accounting boards such as AASB should develop their accounting standards as equivalent to IASB for overcoming disparity in financial reporting globally. References AASB adoption of IASB standards by 2005. 2005. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/Background_to_AASB_adoption_of_IASB_standards_by_2005.pdf [Accessed on: 23 August, 2017]. AASB Exposure Draft: ED 280. 2017. Property, Plant and Equipment Proceeds before Intended Use. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/ACCED280_06_17.pdf [Accessed on: 23 August, 2017]. Australian Accounting Standards Board. 2017. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/Home.aspx [Accessed on: 23 August, 2017]. Deegan, C.M. 2012. Australian Financial Accounting. McGraw-Hill Australia. Patel, C. and Chand, P. 2011. Achieving Global Convergence of Financial Reporting Standards: Implications from the South Pacific Region. Emerald Group Publishing. Williamson, M. 2004. International Accounting Standards and their Impact on Resource Industries in Australia. Ampla Yearbook, pp.534-545