Illusion of Color Article Review Sample

Illusion of Color Article Review Sample Illusion of Color Article Review Sample Illusion of Color Article Review Sample Reading the article â€Å"The Autonomy of Colour† written by Justin Broackes, one can meet few statements that are more disputable than others: â€Å"It is widely believed that mental and physical schemes of explanations can peacefully coexist if mental phenomena are supervenient upon physical phenomena†, suggesting that â€Å"My present perception of blue, for example, would be explained by the blueness of the mug in front of me, while the underlying visual processes were explained by whatever physical features are relevant.† There are several theories of color in philosophy. To all appearances, the author is a dedicated follower of realism or physicalism. Color realism affirms that color is nothing else but a physical property of objects. The theory of color physicalism is close to the previous statement in a sense that it frequently means that colors are just a reflection of objects’ physical characteristics. More often than not, according to Putnam and Hilbert’s suggestions and others defenders of this point of view, the physicalist color theory involves the position when colors are related to the physical features of real objects, allowing changing incident light and the disposition to be/look colored. The following essay is an attempt to show the position why the physicalist theory is radically false. It will be done by explaining the main important objections, including similarity relations between colors, the differentiation between unique and binary hits, proving that perception phen omena can be also explained from the standpoint of color experience and knowledge, making the physicalist theory unmotivated. Article Critique The principal task of a philosopher is to make attempts at combining a right reason with a scientific explanation in order to get a completed structure: to explain red color as a quality of subjects, combining it with a cause-and-effect analysis. The concept of color was always an interesting question for philosophers for a number of reasons. The first and the most important one is that color can pose serious metaphysical questions, concerning nature and physical reality of human brains. Among the all possible questions that can exist on this subject, there are also inquiries concerning the color experience, knowledge, and independent reality. The central problem about color from the physical point of view is that science, particularly physics, can tell everything about physical objects and their qualities. That particular problem was historically developed, explained, and defended by famous physicists David Lewis and Brian McLaughlin to show that all physical objects are colored through their particular physical properties. Taking into consideration the fact that color physicalism cannot explain the color structure in full measure, this theory must be rejected. The scientific approach contains a rather illogical color concept. In order to prove it, there is nothing else to say but cite David Ume’s comment: â€Å"Sounds, colors, heat, and cold, according to modern philosophy are not qualities in objects, but perceptions in the mind.† This statement means that physical objects have no color, at any rate, color can be characterized as a subjective quality of one or another physical object. Answering the question â€Å"why the apple is red?† from the point of view of reasoning, the right answer is the following: if the apple is well-lighted and the individual has normal perception of color, the apple is red. It is a complicated way to argue, but this statement is less than informative. The scientific answer sounds as follows. The apple in the daylight reflects a bigger amount of long-wave length radiation than short-wave. As a result, the light detectors, situated on the eye retina, that are more sensitive to long-wave leng th radiation react more strongly than those detectors that are sensitive to short-wave radiation. The difference in detectors’ work is connected with coding and encoding, stimulating corresponded neural networks in the human brain. This detailed answer to a simple question can be informative, except one significant element: there is not any mention nor reference to â€Å"red† in this answer as a quality of the apple or perception of red. Fundamentally, the color of subjects can be received by an individual through visual perception only. The ideologists of the physicalist color theory show everything like this: red color is a physical quality of the apple that makes people precept /see it red, as this apple selectively reflects a part of the light spectrum. However, all three types of detectors that human eyes have are limited in their capacity to perceive the details of the light spectrum. It is, therefore, possible that different things with different spectral reflec tance can look red. This fact, according to the explanation, can be related to both light-emitting objects and light-emitting diodes. The reasons why people can see red color are so physically multifarious that there is no clear position that can determine if there is something similar and stable between them. Some philosophers have put forward a strong argument against color physicalism based on claims about color structure. However, it is important to focus on two kinds of them: claims about the resemblance of colors and the position of unitary and binary color characteristics. It is important to consider a few statements: The claim that blue resembles azure rather than green relates to the resemblance of colors. The statement that azure is a binary color as far as blue is a unitary color corresponds to the unitary/binary color characteristic. The statement that blue is a unitary color cannot be true, as it has a hint of other colors from the color range. Azure or light-blue is a binary color as far as it obviously contains a hint of blue and white to some extent. There is always a position that azure is a separate entity, a mixed combination of blue and white. As the result of the previous analysis, blue cannot be explained as a combination of other separate colors, when azure can be described in the same way as blue-white. In such a manner, there are four types of unitary colors: yellow, red, blue, and green. All other colors are nothing else than binary combinations of the previous four color examples. The resemblance of colors, their characteristics, and other important aspects make the color struc ture. Therefore, the physicalist color theory is wrong, as it is explained by the argument of the color structure. This argument cannot be easily objected as any other popular attempts, such as simplicity of colors, because it relies on what people know about color thanks to their visual experience, combined with their concrete knowledge about reflected objects explained by psychophysics as well. There has been one more successful attempt to prove that physicalism is a wrong theory, using Jackson’s experiment, which suggested using a strong argument against this theory. Mary was locked in a black-and-white room, she read black-and-white books, watched lectures that were broadcasted on a black-and-white TV set. Consequently, Mary learns everything that is possible about the world’s physical structure. She knows all physical facts about people, environment – everything that was dictated by exact sciences: physics, chemistry, and neurophysiology. Moreover, Mary knows everything about casual relations between facts, including functional roles. If the physicalist theory is right, Mary should know everything she can. Supposing, the opposite means that there is always a chance for everyone to know about the subjects he or she is surrounded with to full extend, more than physical characteristics, which means that the physicalist theory should be rejected. Alternative View Physicalism in philosophy is an accomplished fact that the real world is primarily physical, but there is a rather provocative thesis that it is completely physical. That is why, physicalists should be of the opinion that complete physical knowledge is simpliciter complete knowledge at that. If, supposedly, knowledge is not complete, therefore, the world W should be differing from the world P, where that knowledge is complete. In such a case, physicalism will be a completely wrong theory for the world W, and a faithful axiom for the world P, without any difference between physical facts. Thus, it seems that Mary does not know everything she can. So, when she goes out of her room for the first time and watches a color TV, she will learn what television looks like. This process is called the information-translation process, in other words – a study procedure. Thus, the knowledge argument is the next important argument, proving that the physicalist color theory is completely fals e. According to these claims, Paul Churchland, and some others followers of the physicalist theory argue that the knowledge argument, which has been mentioned before, cannot be based on a doubtful hypothesis that there is no logical possibility for Mary to imagine what red looks like until she sees it. The power of imagination must be a key point of this case. Controversially, the point of the dispute concerning Mary does not lie in her inability to use imagination to see red. The key argument of the discussion is that Mary, using her unbelievable imagination and understanding of all physical and neurophysiological facts and concepts, can see red, but it does not mean that she knows it. If the physicalist theory is right, the girl should know everything without using the imagination power, as it is a useful ability for people who lack knowledge. Therefore, if it is hard to believe that Mary can feel the lack of knowledge just on the basis of her logical inferences from her wide physical knowledge, it is not enough for Mary to have a strong logic and mental aptitude to fill in gaps in knowledge of any sphere. As far as it is one of weighty arguments against physicalism, to get knowledge about one or other color, s it was not enough for Mary to experience it, she had to perceive others too. When she leaves the room, she will get the experience she has never had – the experience of color perception. The undeniable truth of the black-and-white room for both physicalist and non-physicalist lies in the fact that Mary cannot not know the facts of her experience or perception of red color as they were not excited at that moment. When she goes, the situation changes significantly as she gets information, which changes her physical substance, brain condition, functional roles. The problem of the physicalist theory is that after Mary sees her first red tomato, she realizes how poor her understanding of mental life and other process was before that moment. Moreover, she learns that during all the time she has spent in the room, there was always a lot of new complicated information around her. The life experience concerning things and their colors was obvious for others but hidden for her, which challenges her logic. As she always knew all the physical facts about those people and things, it means that all the information that Mary did not know before her escape cannot be named as a physi cal fact of human experience. Nevertheless, this cannot be the fact that concerns those people seriously. That is one more problem for the physicalist theory. The opposite question is what Mary has to show others, if her knowledge is not enough, in spite of the physicalist theory that her knowledge is simpliciter, the physicalist concept is absolutely failed, despite the strength of Mary’s imagination. Colors are everywhere. It is enough to look around to see blue, yellow, red, green – the list of colors and hints is never-ending. That is why, such a broad topic should be well approached and discussed with the help of both sciences and physiology. The article â€Å"The Autonomy of Colour† addresses the problem of color realism and thus physicalism. There are two important questions one can answer with the help of Broackes’ article. They sound like â€Å"are the objects colored?† and â€Å"what is the nature of colored objects?† The author defends the position that physical objects and properties (tomatoes, apples, and anything else) are colored and their color is a direct reflection of their physical properties. Capturing the ideas of minorities, circulating at least among the â€Å"color† scientists, this article argues that physical objects, in fact, are not colored, and the color one can see is nothing else but a subjective reflection of the reality taking place in the mind rather than in the real world. Consequently, the following essay pursues a few objective purposes. Firstly, it meets the audience with a number of philosophic instruments that can be irreplaceable for argumentation of the physicalist color theory. Secondly, the essay attempted to explain in detail the position and controversial issues of the following discussion. The first part of the essay explains the problem of color concept and perception through the physicalism theory, making some important remarks from the perspective of the unique and binary color’s analysis. The second part of the essay presents arguments against the physicalist position from the point of view of color structure, explaining it in the context of the knowledge theory, proving that all the attempts to explain the color theory only with the help of science are unmotivated.

7 Types of Female Characters in Shakespeares Plays

7 Types of Female Characters in Shakespeare's Plays Certain types of female characters often resurface in Shakespeare’s plays, telling us a great deal about his view of women and their status in Shakespeares time. The Bawdy Woman These characters are sexualized, cheeky and flirtatious. They are often working-class characters such as the Nurse in Romeo and Juliet, Margaret in Much Ado about Nothing or Audrey in As You Like It. Mainly speaking in prose, as befitting their low social status, these characters often use sexual innuendo when conversing. Low-class characters like these can get away with more risquà © behavior- perhaps because they have no fear of losing social status. The Tragic Innocent Woman These women are often pure and chaste at the beginning of the play, and tragically die once their innocence is lost. In stark contrast to his presentation of bawdy women, Shakespeare’s treatment of young innocent women is fairly brutal. Once their innocence or chastity is taken away, they are literally killed to signify this loss. These characters are generally courtly, high-born characters such as Juliet from Romeo and Juliet, Lavinia from Titus Andronicus or Ophelia from Hamlet. Their high social standing makes their demise seem all the more tragic. The Scheming Femme Fatal Lady Macbeth is the archetypal femme fatal. Her manipulation of Macbeth inevitably leads them to their deaths: she commits suicide and he is slain. In her ambition to become Queen, she encourages her husband to murder. King Lear’s daughters, Goneril and Regan, plot to inherit their father’s fortune. Once again, their ambition leads them to their deaths: Goneril stabs herself after poisoning Regan. Although Shakespeare seems to appreciate the intelligence at work in his femme fatal characters, allowing them to manipulate the men around them, his retribution is brutal and unforgiving. The Witty, but Unmarriable Woman Katherine from The Taming of The Shrew is a prime example of the witty but unmarriable woman. Feminists have commented that their enjoyment of this play is marred by the fact that a man literally â€Å"breaks† Katherine’s spirit when Petruchio says â€Å"Come on  and kiss me, Kate.† Should we really celebrate this as a happy ending? Similarly, in the plot to Much Ado About Nothing, Benedick ultimately conquers the feisty Beatrice by saying, â€Å"Peace, I will stop your mouth.† These women are presented as clever, bold and independent but are put in their place by the end of the play. The Married Off Woman Many of Shakespeare’s comedies end with an eligible woman being married off – and therefore being made safe. These women are often very young and passed from their father’s care to their new husband’s. More often than not, these are high-born characters such as Miranda in The Tempest who is married to Ferdinand, Helena and Hermia in A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Hero in Much Ado About Nothing. Women Who Dress as Men Rosalind in As You Like it and Viola in Twelfth Night both dress as men. Consequently, they are able to play a more active role in the play’s narrative. As â€Å"men†, these characters have more freedom, highlighting the lack of social liberty for women in Shakespeare’s time. Falsely Accused of Adultery Women in Shakespeare’s plays are sometimes wrongly accused of adultery and suffer greatly as a result. For example, Desdemona is killed by Othello who supposes her infidelity and Hero falls terribly ill when she is falsely accused by Claudio. It seems that Shakespeare’s women are judged by their sexuality even when they remain faithful to their husbands and husbands-to-be. Some feminists believe that this demonstrates male insecurity about female sexuality.

Justification of Intellectual Property Protection Essay

Justification of Intellectual Property Protection - Essay Example The paper throws light on intellectual property as any change of mind or innovation. This property, maybe a symbol or a logo, any unique name designated for a company, creative and artistic invention. Intellectual property is secluded or patent innovation. Certain brands use a specific trade mark and music companies copyright their sounds and videos patterns, professionals carry out methods formulas and technologies which are confined in official documents or economic values that are used commercially. Intellectual property is the intangible or insubstantial vague property on the other hand special private and personal property of any individual or a company is tangible is easily and clearly defined. IP is any form of expression, this includes images, symbols, logos, title, label, techniques, methods used in business industry or commerce; software, music rhythms literary. This personal effort is the innovation and creation of mind and displayed and manifested, it has physical existen ce and exclusive property rights. Exclusive property rights include copyrights, trademarks, patents industrial design rights and trade secrets, these rights are intellectual property and protect company’s different types of unrelated legal concepts. The British statue of Anne 1710 and statue of monopolies 1623 are the two patent laws, copyrights that are nowadays used respectively, these laws were originated in the late 20th century and since then the word intellectual property started to be used. ... This absolute protection thus deals intellectual property as real property. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) treaty and other global agreements are based on the fact that the intellectual property rights should be protected as it is essential to the economic growth. The following reasons are given in the handbook published by the World Intellectual Property Organization related to the intellectual property laws. "One is to give statutory expression to the moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and the rights of the public in access to those creations.† Inventions were not the reason to initiate the history of patent, but it was in fact the grants given by the Queen Elizabeth 1 (1558-1603) and other royal family members for the privileges aimed at creating monopoly. nearly 200 years after the end of the reign of Elizabeth 1 a patent now shows and represents a legal status to the rights which are obtained by the person inventing something whic h gives him the right to control that invention exclusively, control and restrict its production, sale or any restricting any other method that might make that invention available for others to use independently. (Mossoff, A, 2001, Vol. 52, p. 1255) The aim of this paper is to study the justifications or arguments that surround the formation of intellectual property law. The paper will open discussion with the aims of intellectual property law and then move to the justifications. The paper will also discuss the limitations to these justifications and in the end, conclude the discussion with a critical evaluation of the intellectual property law terms. Aims of Intellectual Property Law This section will deal with the protection of intellectual property incentives taken for those

The Catholic Faith With Contrasting Facts on Islam Religion Essay

The Catholic Faith With Contrasting Facts on Islam Religion - Essay Example With the death of Christ, the apostle Peter was designated as the first Pope, or temporal head of the Catholic Church. Since then, the mission of this faith is to spread the faith across the world. According to Pope Benedict XVI, the mission of the Catholic Church can be summarized â€Å"as a threefold responsibility to proclaim the word of God, celebrate the sacraments, and exercise the ministry of charity† (Benedict XVI 2005). Known to be one of the oldest institutions in the world, the Catholic Church is rich with traditions and beliefs seen through the eyes of devotees. This essay provides the opportunity for a Catholic devotee to be interviewed. In the process, one would appreciate the insights, beliefs, underlying teachings of the Catholic Church as seen from of an ordinary woman. The interview was conducted in the Infant of Prague Catholic Church at Jacksonville, North Carolina. The person being interviewed is Christina Cordero, a Roman Catholic by virtue of her birth and baptism. She was raised in another country, the Philippines, which is a predominantly Catholic country. The Infant of Prague Catholic Church is medium built. It has three balconies, vaulted ceilings, a separate room for families with small children who might act up during service, an elaborate altar flanked by praying candles, and beautiful stained glass windows with depictions of St. Michael, St. Peter and others saints. Apart from the solemn faà §ade, there is just one thing that needs some maintenance and repairs – the pews.

Utiltarianism vs Kant Essay Example for Free

Utiltarianism vs Kant Essay Kant had a different ethical system which was based on reason. According to Kant reason was the fundamental authority in determining morality. All humans possess the ability to reason, and out of this ability comes two basic commands: the hypothetical imperative and the categorical imperative. In focusing on the categorical imperative, in this essay I will reveal the underlying relationship between reason and duty. The categorical imperative suggests that a course of action must be followed because of its rightness and necessity. The course of action taken can also be reasoned by its ability to be seen as a universal law. Universal laws have been deemed as unconditional commands that are binding to everyone at all times. Kant believed that individuals have a freedom to consciously obey the laws of the universe as they are revealed in accordance to our ability to reason. Kant goes a step further to suggest that our actions should be driven by a sense of duty that is dictated by reason. What does it mean to act out of duty? Kant says that this means that we should act out of respect for the moral law. The moral law can be directly related to the categorical imperative. How can we accomplish the task of acting out of duty? We must first recognize and have an understanding of what the moral law is, then a sense of duty should become the motive for our actions. Finally our actions should be compelled by doing what is morally right; which is considered doing what we can will to be a universal law to be followed by all. Moral laws can also be defined as universal laws. Kants theory can be defended on several premises. First, all individuals do have a duty to what is right, whether they act accordingly or not. All citizens are held to a duty to uphold the laws, if there was no duty then laws would not exist. Morality coincides with being loyal to the laws, being a disciplined person, and living an orderly life. These essentials are all present in Kants perception of duty. Another key strength to the theory is the concentration on motivation. The motive for which an individual acts has more validity then the unknown consequences that lie ahead. According to Kant we are motivated by our duty, and we know that motivation comes from an internal source. Motive provides substance to personal decisions and choices that are made. In order to feel a duty to react or act in a certain manner, an individual uses internal reasoning when making decisions. As moral agents who have the ability to reason Kants theory is right on the target. We will consciously make decisions by the things or factors that we are motivated by. I feel that it is safe to say that most people actions are guided by motives whether they are morally correct or not. Utilitarians on the other hand would disagree with Kant on several points. Utilitarians would argue that actions should be decided by the consequences they would produce. Remember that utilitarians believe in the good for the greatest number. In an argument against Kants theory, they would say that the categorical imperative can not be used as a tool to measure morality. Doing what one will ultimately will as a universal law can not guarantee the a positive for the majority. In their argument against Kantian ethical theories they would probably state that Kant does not leave room for ill will to be addressed. A person who has bad or ill intentions, would act in a manner in which they would want others to follow. This position would leave room for immorality to be introduced, and it would ultimately not serve the general purpose of supporting the rule of sustaining good for the greater number of individuals. Secondly, utilitarians would argue that down playing the importance of consequences would create an even greater injustice to society. Peoples actions should be gauged by the consequences they produce. Consequences are the end result to the means. Kant and his beliefs do not factor in the turmoil that will result from negative decisions that are made. The gauge for measuring happiness would be determined by the affect of the consequences in the eyes of a utilitarian. Thirdly, utilitarians would attack Kant on his reasoning part of the theory. According to utilitarians there is no compelling reason that the prohibition against certain actions should hold without exceptions. Utilitarianism will allow for circumstances of different situations to be factored into the consequences. Therefore, Kants theory of no exceptions, will not encompass total reasoning. Reasoning alone can not prevent certain actions from taking place. Especially when the good of the greatest doesnt factor in the decision making process. Reasoning is an internal personal choice.

math lesson Essay -- essays research papers

Lesson Plan Title: Alexander, Who Used to Be Rich Last Sunday: Understanding Opportunity Costs Grade Level:2, 3, or 6th Duration: three 50-minute class periods Student Goal: To understand that there is an opportunity cost to every economic decision and that these costs come as a result of limited resources. Student Objectives Students will: †¢ Identify "opportunity costs" in the story and in their own lives. †¢ Create an opportunity costs bar graph as a whole class. †¢ Complete a table of personal spending and savings information. †¢ Write an original story about how they spent and saved their allowance and what they gave up or their "opportunity costs" in order to reach their goals. Materials: †¢ a copy of Alexander, Who Used to Be Rich Last Sunday, by Judith Viorst †¢ chart paper †¢ markers †¢ overhead projector †¢ transparency †¢ student handout: How I Spent & Saved My Allowance (included). This was provided by the teacher in which I was doing my participant observations with. Set Up and Prepare: 1. Use the book Alexander, Who Used to Be Rich Last Sunday, by Judith Viorst. 2. Write the definition of the term "opportunity cost" on a sheet of chart paper and display for the class: Opportunity Cost: what you give up when you decide to do or buy something 3. Draw a bar graph on a transparency. Write the title "Opportunity Costs for a College Education" across the top. Label the horizontal axis "Opportunity Costs." Label the vertical axis "Number of Students." 4. Print out copies of the student handout "How I Spent & Saved My Money" for each student to take home. Directions: PART I: Step 1: Share with students a story about a time when you did not buy something you really wanted so that you could use or save the money for something more important. For example, maybe you didn't go on a vacation so you could save the money for a car you need to buy. Explain that what you gave up is called an "opportunity cost." Direct students' attention to the definition of "opportunity cost" displayed on the chart paper. Step 2: Ask students to share stories from their own lives in which they gave up something to get something else, or to save for something else that they want more. Have them identify their opportunity costs. Ask studen... ... †¢ How much does Alexander have after he buys the gum? ($0.85); after he loses a bet to his mother? ($0.70); after he rents Eddie's snake? ($0.58); after his father fines him for saying naughty words ($0.48); after flushing pennies down the toilet and dropping a nickel through a crack? ($0.40); after paying for Anthony's chocolate bar? ($0.29); after pennies disappear in Nick's trick ($0.25); after paying his father for kicking his brother? ($0.20); after buying things at a garage sale ($0.00). Set Up Shop/ Learning Center: Students set up a shop and role play the parts of customer and shopkeeper, making economic decisions along the way. Have them draw pictures or use manipulatives for the items they are selling in the store. Allow them to determine prices and tag each item. Then give all students the opportunity to be a customer and the shopkeeper. Provide customers with a limited amount of play money to spend in the store. They will need to budget their money so that they can afford all they need to buy. Using play money too, the shopkeepers sharpen their math skills as they make change for the customers. Assignments: Student Handout: How I Spent & Saved My Money

Reaching Your Potential

After I read this article I fond out that managing yourself is a good way to be successful. There are some strategies of how to achieve higher levels of success, such as knowing yourself, excelling at critical tasks and demonstrating character and leadership. The purpose is to clear understand who you are and what your dream is. There is one strategies really touched me is that knowing your self from strengths and weakness can help you to achieve your dream or goal. First, knowing yourself is telling you to understand what are your strengths and weaknesses when you start your career. Some people can easily tell what are their strengths, but hard to defined the weakness. Talking to other people who knows you is a good way to get the answer. After finding the weakness and strength, the next thing is to ask yourself about what is your dream work and what do you enjoy doing? Then keep your strength and face your weakness in order to reach your full potential. I do agree this strategy and it helps a lot, I still remember when I started working, I wasn’t good at communication at first. However, my job required me to communicate with different manufactures, so I need to negotiate with different departments and sometimes I am asked to go to the factory to see the quality of samples. It requires a certain level of communication skills. In order to practice my communication skill, I try to write down my points before conversations. After a lot of time practice, I can clearly state my point of view. I faced my weakness in order to do well with my job. I think those practices not only improve my working ability but also having a good effect even up to now. Secondly, Excelling at critical tasks is to know how to develop your skills and how to distribute times after a critical business meeting. In order to reach your potential, it requires introspection and certain proactive behaviors. This strategy reminds me of my previews manager when I working in a French fashion company. She is good at using spare time to find useful information. In my memory, she always came to office half hour earlier and collected some latest news from fashion newspaper and websites, and prepared work to each designer. This is a good way to distribute times and practice the skill of colleting useful information. Last but not least is demonstrating character and leadership, a leader is a good decision maker and benefits the organization’s overall performance, and also they need to speak up and make better choices. I think leadership is a major element in management field, and better leadership can make company better organized. In conclusion, the advice for you to reaching your potential is to identify your dream, develop the skills after finding your weakness, and exhibit character and leadership.

A Doll’s House Essay

Perspective of A Doll’s House Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House uses emotional conversations to depict a family living in false emotional circumstances and having to come to terms with reality. The title A Doll’s House describes the facade of a family living in a nice house. The platitude â€Å"All that glitters is not gold† means that not everything that looks good on the outside is not good on the inside, like a doll’s house. In the first part of the play, Nora’s old friend from school, Mrs. Linde arrives impromptu. Nora is very fast to describe to her what a good life she has; â€Å"So you are quite alone.How dreadfully sad that must be. I have three lovely children. You cannot see them just now, for they are out with their nurse† (7). This shows how important it is to Nora to keep up her facade of having a nice home and a good life. It’s also makes a distance between the two women's lives, even if Mrs. Linde tells Nora ab out her poor family situation, Nora still brags. During the conversation, Nora tells Mrs. Linde about her secret; that she has borrowed money from Krogstad, one of the bankers in town, to help her husband Torvald a long time ago.Torvald does not know anything about the loan and Mrs. Linde is surprised about it and she thinks Nora should tell him about it. Nora answers; â€Å"†¦ And besides, how painful and humiliating it would be for Torvald, with his manly independence, to know that he owed me anything! It would upset our mutual relations altogether; our beautiful happy home would no longer be what it is now† (12). This reflects the old sight of male and female position in the home or relation; the man is the one who should be responsible for the income and be independent. The female part is the opposite.The last sentence from Nora, demonstrates once again how important it is for her that her life looks perfect from the viewer’s sight. Nora is in a very hard situ ation with Krogstad because of the loan she took a long time ago. Krogstad behaves insipid against Nora in the middle of the play, when he threats her to tell Torvald about the loan. She talks to Dr. Rank, an old friend of the family, and she is very close to betraying her big secret, but instead she just informs him; â€Å"You can do nothing for me now. Besides I really don’t need any help at all. You will find that the whole thing is merely fancy on my part.It really is so-of course it is! † (41). From this we learn that Nora changes her sight of her self. She acts very clearly to Dr. Rank for many reasons, for example to get rid of Dr. Rank’s curiosity and also to convince her self that she has done the right thing and that everything is going to be fine. It also shows one of her first steps into her independence. In the end of the play, Nora realizes that her life is not real, is not perfect, is not fantastic; it is just like a dream story from outside like she always wanted her life to be – but she is not satisfied.Nora decides to tell Torvald about how she feels and she forces him to talk with her seriously; â€Å"I say that we have never sat down in earnest together to try to get at the bottom of anything. † Torvald answers â€Å"But, dearest Nora, would it have been any good to you? † (66). It looks like Torvald doesn’t think Nora has her own thoughts, or her own willing. He does not listen to her or maybe he does not want to listen to her. Nora continues to inform Torvald about her feelings, about how he and her father have made a big sin against her. â€Å"It is your fault that I have made nothing of my life† (66).Nora is much older now then she was when she first met Torvald, and she has changed during the years. Both of them play their roles very well and it is not only Torvald’s fault that she has not been able to do something of her life. When it comes to someone’s life, it is very much up to the person herself. Nora tells Torvald that she has never been standing on her own feet, â€Å"I have been your doll wife, just as at home I was Papa’s doll child; and here the children have been my dolls. I thought it great fun when you played with me, just as they thought it was great fun when I played with them.That is what our marriage has been, Torvald† (67). Ibsen describes how Nora gets an insight about which kind of life she lives. The image pattern of Nora shows a change comparing of the beginning of the book when she brags in front of people. The three children stand for happiness but Nora does not seem to have a close and genuine relationship to them. It is just a scene. Nora comes to a point in her life when she understands that she lives an unreal life and she has to do something about it. Ibsen shows that she is able to take the step out of the marriage like an independent person.Everyone thinks she lives her life like a doll in a perfect home. Ibsen’s choice of title is both good and ironic; good because it brings thoughts to the perfect family-life, and ironic because the play tells about how the inside of the house; the family, the marriage, the relations etc. , struggles with a lot of problems in contrast to the facade. One of Ibsen’s messages about marriage and family is to manage to be happy together, everyone has to take care and understand herself before she can take care of others. When a person is independent and safe on her own, she is able to love and take care of her true love and family.

Hess Law of Heat Summation Essay Example

Hess Law of Heat Summation Essay Example Hess Law of Heat Summation Essay Hess Law of Heat Summation Essay Hess  Law  of  Heat  Summation Hess  Law  states  that: The  enthalpy  change  for  any  reaction  depends   on  the  products  and  reactants  and  is  independent   of  the  pathway  or  the  number  of  steps  between   the  reactant  and  product. BASICALLY:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Hess  Law  states  the  heat  evolved  or  absorbed  in     Ã‚  Ã‚  a  chemical  process  is  the  same  whether  the  process     Ã‚  Ã‚  takes  place  in  one  or  in  several  steps     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­;This  is  also  known  as  the  law  of  constant  heat  summation. All  it  means  is  that  no  matter  how  many  steps  the  chemical     Ã‚  Ã‚  reaction  proceeds  through,  the  total  heat  evolved  or  absorbed   Ã‚  Ã‚  is  the  added  heat  values  of  each  step  and  will  always  be   Ã‚  Ã‚  a  constant  figure  for  that  process. For  example:     Ã‚  Ã‚  When  phosphoric  acid  (a  tri ­hydrogen  acid)  is  neutralized     Ã‚  Ã‚  with  a  base,  the  hydrogens  are  neutralised  in  3  steps:   Ã‚  Ã‚  STEP  1:  Ã‚  Ã‚  H3P04  +  NaOH  Ã‚ ­;  NaH2PO4  +  H2O  ­gives  X  amount  of  heat     Ã‚  Ã‚  STEP  2:  Ã‚  Ã‚  NaH2PO4  +  NaOH  Ã‚ ­;  Na2HPO4  +  H2O  ­gives  Y  amount  of  heat   Ã‚  Ã‚  STEP  3:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Na2PO4  +  NaOH  Ã‚ ­;  Na3PO4  +H2O  ­gives  Z  amount  of  heat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Therefore,  the  total  heat  ofà ‚  reaction  (  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hrxn)  is  equal  to: There  are  two  (2)  ways  to  calculate  the  heat  of  reaction   using  Hess  Law: 1 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Equation  Method  (Algebraic  Method) 2 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Heat  of  Formation  Method  (Summation  Method) Equation  (Algebraic)  Method Strategy:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ­add  equations  for  reactions  with  known  enthalpies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  so  that  their  net  result  is  the  desired  reaction Sample  Problem  1: Use  the  equations  below  to  determine  the  enthalpy  of  reaction for  the  decomposition  of  hydrogen  peroxide: H2O2(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2O(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1/2  O2(g) The  equations  are: 1 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2O2(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚   2 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  1/2  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2O(l) Hf  =  Ã‚ ­188  kJ Hf  =  Ã‚ ­286  kJ Solution: Sample  Problem  2: Use  the  following  equations: 1 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1/2  N2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  3/2  H2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NH3(g) 2 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1/2  N2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NO2(g) 3 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  1/2  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2O(g) Hf  =  Ã‚ ­46. 0  kJ Hf  =  +34. 0  kJ Hf  =  Ã‚ ­242. 0  kJ to  calculate  the  enthalpy  of  reaction  for: 4  NH3(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  7  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4  NO2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  6  H2O(g) Solution: Practice  Problem: Calculate  the  heat  of  reaction  for  the  oxidation of  one  mole  of  ethanol  to  ethanoic  acid: C2H5OH(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CH3COOH(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2O(l) Use  the  equations  below:  ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C2H5OH(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  3  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  CO2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  3  H2O(l) 2 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CH3COOH(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  CO2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  H2O(l) Hc  =  Ã‚ ­1367  kJ Hc  =  Ã‚ ­874  kJ Enthalpy  of  Formation   (Summation)  Method Standard  Molar  Enthalpy  of  Formation:  (  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  )  ­the  amount  of  ____  (absorbed  or  released)  when  _________  of     a  compound  is  formed  from  its  _________________  in  their   standard  states  ­most  enthalpies  of  formation  are  Ã‚ ­ve  (__________________)? therefore,  most  compounds  are  ___________  stable  than  the   elements  they  are  made  from  ­Ã‚  the  enthalpy  of  formation  of  an  element  in  its  s tandard  state   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  is  _____  because  it  is  usually  its  most  stable  form! Write  the  formation  equations  for: a)  Ã‚  methane  gas: b)  Ã‚  calcium  carbonate: c)  Ã‚  hydrogen  chloride  gas: (Look  at  the  Table! ) How  to  Use  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hf  to  Calculate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hrxn Recall:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hrxn  = therefore, Hrxn  =  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (  n  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hf  products)  Ã‚  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (  n  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hf  reactants) Sample  Problem  1: Using  the  enthalpies  of  formation,   calculate  the  enthalpy  of  reaction  for:  Ã‚  Ã‚     CH4(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CO2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  H2O(g) Practice  Problem: Use  the  summation  method  to  determine   the  enthalpy  of  reaction  for: 4 NO2(g) + 6 H2O(g) 4  NH3(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  7  O2(g) Homework:  ­Ã‚  p. 247  #13 ­16  ­Ã‚  p. 251  #17 ­20  ­Ã‚  p. 254  #21 ­24  ­Ã‚  the  following  three  questions:   Ã‚  Use  the  summation  method  to  calculate  each   Ã‚  of  the  following:   Ã‚  a)  Ã‚  CO2(g)  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  H2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CO(g)  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  H2O(g)   Ã‚  b)  Ã‚  C2H5OH(l)  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  3  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  CO2(g)  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  3  H2O(l)   Ã‚  c)  Ã‚  C2H6(g)  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  7/2  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  CO(g)  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  3  H2O(l)

Explore Antarcticas Hidden Lake Vostok

Explore Antarcticas Hidden Lake Vostok One of the largest lakes on planet Earth is an extreme environment hidden beneath a thick glacier near the South Pole. Its called Lake Vostok, buried beneath nearly four kilometers of ice on Antarctica. This frigid environment has been hidden from sunlight and Earths atmosphere for millions of years. From that description, it sounds like the lake would be an icy trap devoid of life. Yet, despite its hidden location and terribly inhospitable environment, Lake Vostok teems with thousands of unique organisms. They range from tiny microbes to fungi and bacteria, making Lake Vostok a fascinating case study in how life survives in hostile temperatures and high pressure. Finding Lake Vostok The existence of this sub-glacial lake took the world by surprise. It was first found by an aerial photographer from Russia who noticed a large smooth impression near the South Pole in East Antarctica. Followup radar scans in the 1990s confirmed that something was buried under the ice. The newly discovered lake turned out to be quite large: 230 kilometers (143 miles long) and 50 km (31 miles) wide. From its surface to the bottom, it is 800 meters (2,600) feet deep, buried under miles of ice. Lake Vostok and Its Water There are no subterranean or sub-glacial rivers feeding Lake Vostok. Scientists have determined that its sole source of water is melted ice from the ice sheet that hides the lake. Theres also no way for its water to escape, making Vostok a breeding ground for underwater life. Advanced mapping of the lake, using remote sensing instruments, radar, and other geologic research tools, show that the lake sits on a ridge, which may be harboring heat in a hydrothermal vent system. That geothermal heat (generated by molten rock beneath the surface) and the pressure of the ice on top of the lake keep the water at a constant temperature. The Zoology of Lake Vostok When Russian scientists drilled cores of ice out from above the lake to study the gases and ices laid down during different periods of Earths climate, they brought samples of frozen lake water up for study. Thats when the life forms of Lake Vostok were first discovered. The fact that these organisms exist in the lake water, which, at -3 ° C, is somehow not frozen solid, raises questions about the environment in, around, and under the lake. How do these organisms survive in these temperatures? Why hasnt the lake frozen over? Scientists have now studied the lakes water for decades. In the 1990s, they began to find microbes there, along with other types of miniature life, including fungi (mushroom-type life), eukaryotes (the first organisms with true nuclei), and assorted multicellular life. Now, it appears that more than 3,500 species live in the lakes water, in its slushy surface, and in its frozen muddy bottom. Without sunlight, Lake Vostoks living community of organisms (called extremophiles, because they thrive in extreme conditions), rely on chemicals in rocks and heat from the geothermal systems to survive. This isnt terribly different from other such life forms found elsewhere on Earth. In fact, planetary scientists suspect that such organisms could thrive very easily in extreme conditions on icy worlds in the solar system. The DNA of Lake Vostoks Life Advanced DNA studies of the Vostokians indicate that these extremophiles are typical of both freshwater and saltwater environments and they somehow find a way to live in the cold waters. Interestingly, while the Vostok life forms are thriving on chemical food, they themselves are identical to bacteria that live inside of fish, lobsters, crabs, and some types of worms. So, while the Lake Vostok life forms may be isolated now, they are clearly connected to other forms of life on Earth. They also make a good population of organisms to study, as scientists ponder whether or not similar life exists elsewhere in the solar system, particularly in the oceans beneath the icy surface of Jupiters moon, Europa. Lake Vostok is named for Vostok Station, commemorating a Russian sloop used by Admiral Fabian von Bellingshausen, who sailed on voyages to discover Antartica. The word means east in Russian. Since its discovery, scientists have been surveying the under-ice landscape of the lake and the surrounding region. Two more lakes have been found, and that now raises the question about connections between these otherwise-hidden bodies of water. In addition, scientists are still debating the history of the lake, which appears to have formed at least 15 million years ago and was covered over by thick blankets of ice. The surface of Antarctica above the lake routinely experiences very cold weather, with temperatures dipping down to -89 ° C. The biology of the lake continues to be a major source of research, with scientists in the U.S., Russia, and Europe, studying the water and its organisms closely to understand their evolutionary and biological processes. Continued drilling poses a risk to the ecosystem of the lake since contaminants such as antifreeze will harm the organisms of the lake. Several alternatives are being examined, including hot-water drilling, which may be somewhat safer, but it  still poses a danger to lake life.

There are signs that the current economic situation is improving Essay

There are signs that the current economic situation is improving - Essay Example HRM is also entrusted with the tasks of ensuring that a suitable working environment is developed in organisations. Moreover, it also ensures that a harmonious and a better relationship is developed amid employees and management of organisations. The role of HRM can be viewed to get affected due to influences with respect to internal along with external environment. In this regard, the internal factors include organisational culture and climate. Organisational culture is based on various factors including values, beliefs along with ethnicity of employees. Organisational climate depends on leadership styles, communication and human resource (HR) policies. On the other hand, external factors comprise economic conditions, demographics and labour market conditions. Economic conditions entail availability of financial resources or materials and demand along with supply of products and/or services. Labour market implies the availability of labour forces to be recruited. Demographics state the features of the workforces to be recruited which include education level, marital status and age. In this context, the economic conditions are determined as the major element affecting the aspect of HRM in maintaining the performance of business organisations. This can be owing to the reason that the economic conditions pose several threats to certain significant factors that include employment rate and productivity (Pearson Canada Inc., 2013). It can be apparently observed that the global economy has been under economic recession from the period 2009, affecting business operations on a global context. However, the commencement of the year 2011 has been identified to reveal signs of improvement in the global economic conditions with increased demand and sales of products and/or services. Additionally, the rate of employment has declined by a certain extent. Moreover, there are certain other factors depicting the reviving conditions of the global economic conditions that include profit margin, increased factory productions and better job opportunities (Pearson Canada Inc., 2013). In this respect, the essay intends to discuss about the impact of improving economic conditions imposed on the policies along with other strategic aspects of HRM within organisations. Review of Literature Improving Economic Situations According to Monica (2012), the economic conditions have been observed to improve by a certain extent in a slow and a steady manner after the recession period. It can be viewed in this similar concern that the spending of consumers in the worldwide market segments have increased by a substantial amount due to greater flow of money in the economy. Additionally, operations of business organisations have increased on a global context with better trading activities and sales of products and/or services. Monica (2012) noted that flow of investments has augmented with the rise of the trends of globalisation. Moreover, the rate of inflation is also seemed to reduce in most of the countries, improving the purchasing power of customers at large (Monica, 2012). In this similar context, Jochnick (2013) stated that balanced economic policies have assisted countries in improving their respective economic conditi

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Personal Statement - Essay Example Out of this brief sessions I acquired practical skill in visualizing, communication practical work among others. In the recent past, I acted as co-producer in the Variety Show hosted by the University of London Hong Kong Society. It presented me with a practical challenge where I utilized my skills to the actual test. Despite this learning and practical experience, I still feel is should continue learning. There is always something new to the world of arts (The Warhol, n.d). Due to my study of diverse art related courses, I have interacted with a large number of people. This has made me develop strong interpersonal skills, leadership skills as we completed tasks as groups. I have been lucky throughout my life to visit Tate Modern Museum where I saw the exhibition of Roy Lichtenstein a Pop Art artist which reignited and strengthened m interest in Pop Art. I also recently attended an exhibition at the Saatchi Gallery (Gallery, n.d) where there was an exhibition of Andy Warhol was exhibited. Andy Warhol is another pop art artist whom I consider my best artist and inspiration. I had a chance to see the works of Peter Blake’s indomitable 1967 album ‘STG Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band.† All this have improved my understanding of the arts not solely as a subject but as a way of life. That is the main reason I find impossible to abandon All these are Pop Art artists that I admire, but I admire Andy Warhol most. Andy was a prolific artist who engaged in a diverse artist works. This diverse artistic works include; hand drawing, paintings, photography, scriptures among others. It is hard to imagine how an aspiring artist can fail to a dmire Andy Warhol (The Warhol, n.d). Pop art is an art that developed in mid 1950s in both U.S and Britain. It makes images from traditional cultures as opposed to the elitist arts. Pop artists engage in arts dealing with everyday life objects and people rather than