Overpopulation And Its Effects On Human Overpopulation

Population growth is another negative factor linked to the disruption of natural selection from medical advancements that causes problems both socially and environmentally. Overpopulation happens when there are too many people and not enough resources. The key to solving overpopulation is to find and retain the perfect size for the population before it is too late and all the natural resources are consumed or ruined. The world population is rapidly increasing†¦ â€Å"[w]ith over 7 billion people living on the planet today and estimates reaching between 8 and 11 billion by 2050 and up to 15 billion by 2100, the human population will continue to grow exponentially† (Causes of Human Overpopulation 1). The United States population is projected to increase by 44% from the years 2008 to 2050. Advancements in medicine cause overpopulation by causing mortality rates to go down and life expectancy to go up. Due to improvements in prenatal care, health care, and education, the chan ces of survival of mothers and their babies increases (Causes of Human Overpopulation 1). From the environmental aspect, overpopulation can lead to problems like drought, soil erosion, and pollution. Socially, a large growth in population can cause problems like overcrowding, high unemployment rates, inflation, overfull schools and hospitals, urban sprawl, and increases in traffic. (F.A.Q. | Negative Population Growth 1). It is important to care for valuable resources like freshwater because most of it isShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Human Overpopulation On The Environment1242 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Human Overpopulation on the Environment â€Å"Can one apple slice feed the world?† If the world were an apple, farmland would only be one very thin slice. The growing population on this Earth has some serious questions that it needs to consider as a whole. How are we all going to eat with eight billion mouths to eat? Farmers have an interesting proposition, they need to feed a growing population with very little land. Overpopulation also has negative effects on the earth through pollutionRead MoreThe Effects Of Overpopulation On The Human Population1532 Words   |  7 Pages overcrowding has concerned many scientists, researchers, and the human populace as a whole. Overpopulation, the condition where an area holds more people than in which the area can properly function, is a serious issue which has many adverse effects on the well-being of a healthy human population. A growing seven billion people live on Earth and factors such as pollution, and human well being may all be affected by overpopulation, and continue d growth in population will cause an even greater impactRead MoreThe Effects Of Overpopulation On Human Population1073 Words   |  5 PagesPlanet We need a major reduction in human population, stat! Ok, maybe that’s not a viable solution, but it does beg the question; â€Å"How many people does it take to break the world?† Currently, there are a little over 7 billion people on the planet and there is already some cause for concern. Overpopulation, extreme weather, and a drought that’s causing a water shortage. Is the abundance of humans the cause or is it simply happening because it can? Overpopulation can cause many issues for the inhabitantsRead MoreHuman Overpopulation And Its Effects On Coral Reefs1540 Words   |  7 Pages bleaching is the by-product of corals getting too warm; when corals get too warm they expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues, which causes them to turn completely white. Today, the remaining coral reefs are being stressed by the human inhabitants who exist upon the land masses from which these reefs neighbor; which, in turn, has caused these remaining reefs to approach extinction. Moreover, coral reefs are underwater barrier islands, and if they become extinct, Florida and any otherRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Overpopulation1073 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are the effects of overpopulation? Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the number of existing people on earth exceeds the carrying capacity of the earth. However, overpopulation has not always been a problem. At the dawn of agriculture, 8000 B.C., the population was approximately 5 million. 8000 years later, 1 A.D., the number of people existing on earth was between 200-300 million. That’s a growth rate under 0,05% per year. A tremendous change occurred with the industrial revolutionRead MoreThe Environmental Impact of Overpopulation Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesThe human population has continued to grow through the decades. The increasingly large number of people that have become apart of the world population has become a major problem. The consequences of the world being over populated has numerous effects which include: Environmental effects, depletion of natural resources, effects on the economy, food and water instability, and mass species extinction. Without a solution to the rise in hu man population, by the year 2020, 8 billion people will liveRead MoreThe Problem Of Overpopulation And Overpopulation872 Words   |  4 PagesHuman overpopulation. Human population can be defined as the condition whereby, the total count of the human inhabiting a certain area exceeds the carrying capacity of the area Bongaarts, (2011). This brings out an issue of the carrying capacity of the region which alludes to the number of individuals who can inhabit a certain area for a given period. It may also be looked at as the situation whereby the available renewable resources in a certain area can satisfactorily support the current populationRead MoreOverpopulation : We Must Figure It Out For Save The World Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pages Overpopulation: We Must Figure It Out to Save the World It may not be something you think about often, but human population growth is a big issue in our world today and this problem needs to be solved in the future to save our planet. Overpopulation is a condition that will be in effect if the population exceeds the carrying capacity on Earth. The carrying capacity is the peak population that can sustain human life on Earth. It is uncertain what Earth’s carrying capacity is for the human raceRead MoreOverpopulation Is More Than Just A Crowded Planet1343 Words   |  6 PagesIndustrial Revolution, and an overall developing human race (Kinder). However, the current world population no longer signifies progression; it signifies regression. Today, the Earth’s human population is approaching overpopulation. Overpopulation is more than just a crowded planet. The definition of overpopulation is, â€Å"†¦too many people for the amount of food, materials, and space available†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Cambridge Dictionaries). This means that overpopulation will impact crucial aspects of the planet and notRead MoreHuman Overpopulation1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of overpopulation has different perspectives regarding whether or not it is happening as well as its apparent effects of both the environment and its inhabitants. The idea of human overpopulation being a problem most clearly begins around the time of Thomas Robert Malthus’ publishing of An Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers. In his writing, Malthus describes

Personal Narrative My Writing Classroom - 970 Words

My Writing Classroom As technology evolves, the traditional style writing classrooms should do so as well. Students are used to the typical routine, in which an instructor lecture and hands out assignments. However, is that really the most effective way of teaching for all students? Teachers neglect the fact that not all students learn the same way. In learning this, I propose some changes that could be made in order to increase learning effectively such as; the choice of physical work verses online work, communications and feedback to students, and essays. As we continue in the future, online classes are becoming more and more popular. Students are able to work and continue education with more flexibility. The most common problem with the online class is communication, as well as learning is not always successful. In a recent article by Maria Konnikova, Ziming Liu, a professor at San Jose State University suggests, â€Å"On screen, people tended to browse and scan, to look for keyw ords, and to read in a less linear, more selective fashion. On the page, they tended to concentrate more on following the text.†(Konnikova. Par. 3). Perhaps instead of just an online class, an instructor combines the two. Some parts of the class, such as video lectures should be presented online, and other things like homework or work be done in class. The first most important issue that needs to be addressed is physical work versus online work. Instead of just showing up to a classroom to listenShow MoreRelatedTeaching Education At The University Of Virginia s College At Wise Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity of Virginia’s College at Wise. During my time at the university, I gained a thorough knowledge of English Literature, writing, and teaching pedagogue. Through this experience, I have developed and changed my teaching philosophy. I have had the opportunity to see new and exciting teaching techniques and observe under some great teachers with excellent id eas. I plan to create a safe, creative, and comfortable classroom environment for my students. I believe students learn better when theyRead MorePersonal Narrative For The Nebraska State Writing Test761 Words   |  4 PagesI teach fourth grade language arts where my main focus is to prepare my students to write a personal narrative for the Nebraska State Writing Test in January. Reading and writing are intertwined in my area of professional responsibility as I motivate my students to write a well-organized, creative personal narrative. As I have taught writing, I have found reading, writing, speaking, and listening go hand in hand when composing a personal narrative (Bruning, 2011, p. 299). First of all, readingRead MoreMy First Year Experience Program1134 Words   |  5 Pagesin the classroom and write collegiate style work. There’s no doubt that students benefit from taking these classes during their first semester of college. For me, there wasn’t high expectations at my previous school of good writing techniques and correct uses of writing tools. During the course of this semester I became a stronger writer and well prepared for the rest of my college career here at Pacific Lutheran University by improving my vocabulary, being more descriptive and altering my writingRead MoreMy Story About My Father s Front Yard893 Words   |  4 Pagesis a story about me that my mother will tell to anyone who will listen especially those who mentions to her how dedicated or determine I am to something I believe in. The first time I heard her tell this story it was to my husband when he was complaining to her how much I talk about the children in my classroom; the se cond time I heard her telling the story to my youngest son when he was telling her how much he wished I would stop talking about the children in my classroom when I come home from workRead MoreCenter For Applied Linguistics : What Is An Assessment Portfolio? Essay898 Words   |  4 Pagescollection of work includes grading guidelines, the rational for the evaluations chosen, and allow for self-awareness. What are the advantages of assessment portfolio systems for ELLs? The portfolio of assessment allows students to guide their personal, academic goals by composing academic evidence of their abilities. A portfolio allows a visual understanding of accomplishments each ELL student has achieved. It allows for an open grading scale. The collection of work allows students to haveRead MoreThe Most Wonderful Books : Writers On Discovering The Pleasures Of Reading1153 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Superman and Me† by Sherman Alexie first appeared in â€Å"The Most Wonderful Books: Writers on Discovering the pleasures of Reading.† Sherman Alexie is a well-known Native American writer that publishes short stories, novels, and poetry. Out of the three narratives, I found myself connect with this story more than the others. Alexie tells us about his childhood as an Indian boy that grew up on the Reservation. His father was a big reader so as a kid he’s always had an interest in books and eventually it becameRead MoreMy Experience : My Pe rsonal Experience772 Words   |  4 Pageslittle of my time on essays, while still being able to make them sound well written. This semester tested my ability to work on my own, without being told what to do. With newly given freedom, I often struggled with what I needed to accomplish. By looking at my portfolio, one can tell that I have developed my writing exponentially. I have become more independent and developed through the ideas and opinions that I have. Reading through my portfolio, the lack of concern and work put in my first essayRead MoreStudent Learning And Understanding The Classroom945 Words   |  4 Pageswho were misbehaving, they were corrected and redirected by their name, being told to return their focus back to their work. By redirecting the behavior back to working on their assignment put the emphasis on the importance of the learning in the classroom. For the students who needed more time and help, Mrs. Graham would quietly tell the students that they could ke ep working on the work and if time did not allow the students to continue working, they were told they needed to finish their work forRead MoreMy Vision And My Original Vision Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pageswhat I wanted to accomplish. Mason, however, broadened my knowledge and created bridges to link my original vision with the things I am good at, the things I love doing, and the things I want to be able to do one day. Mason awakened me to possibilities that I did not even know existed in the world of higher education. Looking back at my original goal statement I submitted in 2014 when applying for the PhD in Education program, the scope of my original vision was surprisingly limited. Whereas I wasRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s `` A Dream?950 Words   |  4 Pagestwo-fifths sheer fudge (Schopen). This quote gives a sense of what kind of man Poe was, his life was full interesting ups and downs ultimately influencing his writing. Poe s poetry has become a staple in the American literature classroom because of the way he approaches his poetry. Edgar Allan Poe s poem â€Å"A Dream Within a Dream,† is a narrative poem connect to Poe s life, poem’s physical structure, literal meaning, poetic/literary devices, and theme telling a story about someone who has loved and

Family Tree free essay sample

My grandparents from my mother’s side of the family were both born in China and resided in a small town their entire life. My grandmother—Po Po, goes by the name of Ling Tan; and my grandfather—Gung Gung, is called Chau Yi Chen. Both of them lived in the same village and were tied together through arrange marriage which is a very popular tradition in China. Due to China’s one child policy, my grandfather grew up with no siblings because it was illegal to give birth to more than one child. Unless the family is within the minority and falls under certain circumstances, the family would be fined heavily if they give birth to addition children. Grandfather Chau Yi worked as a farmer to help support his family; and Grandmother Ling was born in a middle class family and had an older brother—Tim Chi Tan. Being a middle class family had given her family the ability to pay off their fine for having a second child. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Tree or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Granduncle Tim Chi left home in 1958 hoping for a better future in life, but he has never returned home ever since—neither did he contact the family. Therefore, I do not have much info about him and my mother would forbid me asking. Nevertheless, my grandmother grew up helping her parents in a small Chinese restaurant until she married my grandfather. After my grandparents were married for two years, they gave birth to my mother named Yan Ru Chen and a younger brother named Chang Yi Chen. Uncle Chang Yi worked at a restaurant as a waiter during daytime and a delivers newspaper early in the morning. Uncle Chang Yi left home in 1984 in attempts to seek a better life by swimming across the border to Hong Kong. Unfortunately, he failed his first attempt and was deported back home. Knowing that the opportunities in China are very limited, my grandmother cannot stand seeing her son’s potential to succeed trample in waste. She exhausted her savings to payoff generals for my uncle to reach Hong Kong safely—undocumented. His second attempt to leave home was a success, and a new chapter of his life begins. My uncle currently resides in Hong Kong and is happily married with two daughters. Furthermore, my grandparents from my father’s side of the family were also born in China and lived in the Guangdong Province their entire life. My grandma—Ma Ma, Hua Li Li, and grandpa—Yei Yei, Chung Yu, both grew up as the only child in their family and were raised in the lower class. They were neighbors and knew each other ever since their early adolescent years. My grandma grew up working in her parent’s grocery store selling fruits and vegetables as a living. My grandpa worked in a farmer market selling pork and fish and supported his parents. My grandparents were married in 1945 and 3 years later they had their first and only child which is my father named Shiu Ki Yu. My father left home around 1974 to work in the navy for 5 years and later immigrated to United States after hearing how beautiful it is and how much freedom you can have. My mother immigrated to the United States in 1987 and was introduced to my father by an old friend from China. The first and only city both of my parents lived in the United States is San Francisco. My father worked as a chief in Chinatown and my mother worked as seamstress on Third Street of market. In 1990, they gave birth to my older sister and two years later I was born. Another two years later we welcomed a younger brother to our family. Both sides of my grandparents did not want to move to America because they were afraid to start a new lifestyle, old of age, and language will be a barrier for them. At the same time, my parents were not able to support them while being paid a low wage and trying to feed their three kids. Currently, my parents are retired while my siblings and I are pursuing our college education in California. A new life soon awaits as we all look forward to being the first in the family to pursue a higher education and to graduate college.

Interpretations Of Heart Of Darkness Essays (901 words)

Interpretations of Heart of Darkness In Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, there is a great interpretation of the feelings of the characters and uncertainties of the Congo. Although Africa, nor the Congo are ever really referred to, the Thames river is mentioned as support. This intricate story reveals much symbolism due to Conrad's theme based on the lies and good and evil, which interact together in every man. Today, of course, the situation has changed. Most literate people know that by probing into the heart of the jungle Conrad was trying to convey an impression about the heart of man, and his tale is universally read as one of the first symbolic masterpieces of English prose (Graver,28). In any event, this story recognizes primarily on Marlow, its narrator, not about Kurtz or the brutality of Belgian officials. Conrad wrote a brief statement of how he felt the reader should interpret this work: "My task which I am trying to achieve is, by the power of the written word, to make you hear, to make you feel-it is above all, to make you see.(Conrad 1897) Knowing that Conrad was a novelist who lived in his work, writing about the experiences were as if he were writing about himself. "Every novel contains an element of autobiography-and this can hardly be denied, since the creator can only explain himself in his creations."(Kimbrough,158) The story is written as seen through Marlow's eyes. Marlow is a follower of the sea. His voyage up the Congo is his first experience in freshwater navigation. He is used as a tool, so to speak, in order for Conrad to enter the story and tell it out of his own philosophical mind. He longs to see Kurtz, in the hope's of appreciating all that Kurtz finds endearing in the African jungle. Marlow does not get the opportunity to see Kurtz until he is so disease-stricken he looks more like death than a person. There are no good looks or health. In the story Marlow remarks that Kurtz resembles "an animated image of death carved out of old ivory." Like Marlow, Kurtz is seen as an honorable man to many admirers; but he is also a thief, murderer, raider, persecutor, and above all he allows himself to be worshipped as a god. Both men had good intentions to seek, yet Kurtz seemed a "universally genius" lacking basic integrity or a sense of responsibility (Roberts,43). In the end they form one symbolic unity. Marlow and Kurtz are the light and dark selves of a single person. Meaning each one is what the other might have been. Every person Marlow meets on his venture contributes something to the plot as well as the overall symbolism of the story. Kurtz is the violent devil Marlow describes at the story's beginning. It was his ability to control men through fear and adoration that led Marlow to signify this. Throughout the story Conrad builds an unhealthy darkness that never allows the reader to forget the focus of the story. At every turn he sees evil lurking within the land. Every image reflects a dreary, blank one. The deadly Congo snakes to link itself with the sea and all other rivers of darkness and light, with the tributaries and source of man's being on earth (Dean,189). The setting of these adventurous and moral quests is the great jungle, in which most of the story takes place. As a symbol the forest encloses all, and in the heart of the African journey Marlow enters the dark cavern of his won heart. It even becomes an image of a vast catacomb of evil, in which Kurtz dies, but from which Marlow emerges spiritually reborn. The manager, in charge of three stations in the jungle, feels Kurtz poses a threat to his own position. Marlow sees how the manager is deliberately trying to delay any help or supplies to Kurtz. He hopes he will die of neglect. This is where the inciting moment of the story lies. Should the company in Belgium find out the truth a bout Kurtz's success in an ivory procurer, they would undoubtedly elevate him to the position of manager. The manager's insidious and pretending nature opposes all truth (Roberts,42). This story

Illusion of Color Article Review Sample

Illusion of Color Article Review Sample Illusion of Color Article Review Sample Illusion of Color Article Review Sample Reading the article â€Å"The Autonomy of Colour† written by Justin Broackes, one can meet few statements that are more disputable than others: â€Å"It is widely believed that mental and physical schemes of explanations can peacefully coexist if mental phenomena are supervenient upon physical phenomena†, suggesting that â€Å"My present perception of blue, for example, would be explained by the blueness of the mug in front of me, while the underlying visual processes were explained by whatever physical features are relevant.† There are several theories of color in philosophy. To all appearances, the author is a dedicated follower of realism or physicalism. Color realism affirms that color is nothing else but a physical property of objects. The theory of color physicalism is close to the previous statement in a sense that it frequently means that colors are just a reflection of objects’ physical characteristics. More often than not, according to Putnam and Hilbert’s suggestions and others defenders of this point of view, the physicalist color theory involves the position when colors are related to the physical features of real objects, allowing changing incident light and the disposition to be/look colored. The following essay is an attempt to show the position why the physicalist theory is radically false. It will be done by explaining the main important objections, including similarity relations between colors, the differentiation between unique and binary hits, proving that perception phen omena can be also explained from the standpoint of color experience and knowledge, making the physicalist theory unmotivated. Article Critique The principal task of a philosopher is to make attempts at combining a right reason with a scientific explanation in order to get a completed structure: to explain red color as a quality of subjects, combining it with a cause-and-effect analysis. The concept of color was always an interesting question for philosophers for a number of reasons. The first and the most important one is that color can pose serious metaphysical questions, concerning nature and physical reality of human brains. Among the all possible questions that can exist on this subject, there are also inquiries concerning the color experience, knowledge, and independent reality. The central problem about color from the physical point of view is that science, particularly physics, can tell everything about physical objects and their qualities. That particular problem was historically developed, explained, and defended by famous physicists David Lewis and Brian McLaughlin to show that all physical objects are colored through their particular physical properties. Taking into consideration the fact that color physicalism cannot explain the color structure in full measure, this theory must be rejected. The scientific approach contains a rather illogical color concept. In order to prove it, there is nothing else to say but cite David Ume’s comment: â€Å"Sounds, colors, heat, and cold, according to modern philosophy are not qualities in objects, but perceptions in the mind.† This statement means that physical objects have no color, at any rate, color can be characterized as a subjective quality of one or another physical object. Answering the question â€Å"why the apple is red?† from the point of view of reasoning, the right answer is the following: if the apple is well-lighted and the individual has normal perception of color, the apple is red. It is a complicated way to argue, but this statement is less than informative. The scientific answer sounds as follows. The apple in the daylight reflects a bigger amount of long-wave length radiation than short-wave. As a result, the light detectors, situated on the eye retina, that are more sensitive to long-wave leng th radiation react more strongly than those detectors that are sensitive to short-wave radiation. The difference in detectors’ work is connected with coding and encoding, stimulating corresponded neural networks in the human brain. This detailed answer to a simple question can be informative, except one significant element: there is not any mention nor reference to â€Å"red† in this answer as a quality of the apple or perception of red. Fundamentally, the color of subjects can be received by an individual through visual perception only. The ideologists of the physicalist color theory show everything like this: red color is a physical quality of the apple that makes people precept /see it red, as this apple selectively reflects a part of the light spectrum. However, all three types of detectors that human eyes have are limited in their capacity to perceive the details of the light spectrum. It is, therefore, possible that different things with different spectral reflec tance can look red. This fact, according to the explanation, can be related to both light-emitting objects and light-emitting diodes. The reasons why people can see red color are so physically multifarious that there is no clear position that can determine if there is something similar and stable between them. Some philosophers have put forward a strong argument against color physicalism based on claims about color structure. However, it is important to focus on two kinds of them: claims about the resemblance of colors and the position of unitary and binary color characteristics. It is important to consider a few statements: The claim that blue resembles azure rather than green relates to the resemblance of colors. The statement that azure is a binary color as far as blue is a unitary color corresponds to the unitary/binary color characteristic. The statement that blue is a unitary color cannot be true, as it has a hint of other colors from the color range. Azure or light-blue is a binary color as far as it obviously contains a hint of blue and white to some extent. There is always a position that azure is a separate entity, a mixed combination of blue and white. As the result of the previous analysis, blue cannot be explained as a combination of other separate colors, when azure can be described in the same way as blue-white. In such a manner, there are four types of unitary colors: yellow, red, blue, and green. All other colors are nothing else than binary combinations of the previous four color examples. The resemblance of colors, their characteristics, and other important aspects make the color struc ture. Therefore, the physicalist color theory is wrong, as it is explained by the argument of the color structure. This argument cannot be easily objected as any other popular attempts, such as simplicity of colors, because it relies on what people know about color thanks to their visual experience, combined with their concrete knowledge about reflected objects explained by psychophysics as well. There has been one more successful attempt to prove that physicalism is a wrong theory, using Jackson’s experiment, which suggested using a strong argument against this theory. Mary was locked in a black-and-white room, she read black-and-white books, watched lectures that were broadcasted on a black-and-white TV set. Consequently, Mary learns everything that is possible about the world’s physical structure. She knows all physical facts about people, environment – everything that was dictated by exact sciences: physics, chemistry, and neurophysiology. Moreover, Mary knows everything about casual relations between facts, including functional roles. If the physicalist theory is right, Mary should know everything she can. Supposing, the opposite means that there is always a chance for everyone to know about the subjects he or she is surrounded with to full extend, more than physical characteristics, which means that the physicalist theory should be rejected. Alternative View Physicalism in philosophy is an accomplished fact that the real world is primarily physical, but there is a rather provocative thesis that it is completely physical. That is why, physicalists should be of the opinion that complete physical knowledge is simpliciter complete knowledge at that. If, supposedly, knowledge is not complete, therefore, the world W should be differing from the world P, where that knowledge is complete. In such a case, physicalism will be a completely wrong theory for the world W, and a faithful axiom for the world P, without any difference between physical facts. Thus, it seems that Mary does not know everything she can. So, when she goes out of her room for the first time and watches a color TV, she will learn what television looks like. This process is called the information-translation process, in other words – a study procedure. Thus, the knowledge argument is the next important argument, proving that the physicalist color theory is completely fals e. According to these claims, Paul Churchland, and some others followers of the physicalist theory argue that the knowledge argument, which has been mentioned before, cannot be based on a doubtful hypothesis that there is no logical possibility for Mary to imagine what red looks like until she sees it. The power of imagination must be a key point of this case. Controversially, the point of the dispute concerning Mary does not lie in her inability to use imagination to see red. The key argument of the discussion is that Mary, using her unbelievable imagination and understanding of all physical and neurophysiological facts and concepts, can see red, but it does not mean that she knows it. If the physicalist theory is right, the girl should know everything without using the imagination power, as it is a useful ability for people who lack knowledge. Therefore, if it is hard to believe that Mary can feel the lack of knowledge just on the basis of her logical inferences from her wide physical knowledge, it is not enough for Mary to have a strong logic and mental aptitude to fill in gaps in knowledge of any sphere. As far as it is one of weighty arguments against physicalism, to get knowledge about one or other color, s it was not enough for Mary to experience it, she had to perceive others too. When she leaves the room, she will get the experience she has never had – the experience of color perception. The undeniable truth of the black-and-white room for both physicalist and non-physicalist lies in the fact that Mary cannot not know the facts of her experience or perception of red color as they were not excited at that moment. When she goes, the situation changes significantly as she gets information, which changes her physical substance, brain condition, functional roles. The problem of the physicalist theory is that after Mary sees her first red tomato, she realizes how poor her understanding of mental life and other process was before that moment. Moreover, she learns that during all the time she has spent in the room, there was always a lot of new complicated information around her. The life experience concerning things and their colors was obvious for others but hidden for her, which challenges her logic. As she always knew all the physical facts about those people and things, it means that all the information that Mary did not know before her escape cannot be named as a physi cal fact of human experience. Nevertheless, this cannot be the fact that concerns those people seriously. That is one more problem for the physicalist theory. The opposite question is what Mary has to show others, if her knowledge is not enough, in spite of the physicalist theory that her knowledge is simpliciter, the physicalist concept is absolutely failed, despite the strength of Mary’s imagination. Colors are everywhere. It is enough to look around to see blue, yellow, red, green – the list of colors and hints is never-ending. That is why, such a broad topic should be well approached and discussed with the help of both sciences and physiology. The article â€Å"The Autonomy of Colour† addresses the problem of color realism and thus physicalism. There are two important questions one can answer with the help of Broackes’ article. They sound like â€Å"are the objects colored?† and â€Å"what is the nature of colored objects?† The author defends the position that physical objects and properties (tomatoes, apples, and anything else) are colored and their color is a direct reflection of their physical properties. Capturing the ideas of minorities, circulating at least among the â€Å"color† scientists, this article argues that physical objects, in fact, are not colored, and the color one can see is nothing else but a subjective reflection of the reality taking place in the mind rather than in the real world. Consequently, the following essay pursues a few objective purposes. Firstly, it meets the audience with a number of philosophic instruments that can be irreplaceable for argumentation of the physicalist color theory. Secondly, the essay attempted to explain in detail the position and controversial issues of the following discussion. The first part of the essay explains the problem of color concept and perception through the physicalism theory, making some important remarks from the perspective of the unique and binary color’s analysis. The second part of the essay presents arguments against the physicalist position from the point of view of color structure, explaining it in the context of the knowledge theory, proving that all the attempts to explain the color theory only with the help of science are unmotivated.

7 Types of Female Characters in Shakespeares Plays

7 Types of Female Characters in Shakespeare's Plays Certain types of female characters often resurface in Shakespeare’s plays, telling us a great deal about his view of women and their status in Shakespeares time. The Bawdy Woman These characters are sexualized, cheeky and flirtatious. They are often working-class characters such as the Nurse in Romeo and Juliet, Margaret in Much Ado about Nothing or Audrey in As You Like It. Mainly speaking in prose, as befitting their low social status, these characters often use sexual innuendo when conversing. Low-class characters like these can get away with more risquà © behavior- perhaps because they have no fear of losing social status. The Tragic Innocent Woman These women are often pure and chaste at the beginning of the play, and tragically die once their innocence is lost. In stark contrast to his presentation of bawdy women, Shakespeare’s treatment of young innocent women is fairly brutal. Once their innocence or chastity is taken away, they are literally killed to signify this loss. These characters are generally courtly, high-born characters such as Juliet from Romeo and Juliet, Lavinia from Titus Andronicus or Ophelia from Hamlet. Their high social standing makes their demise seem all the more tragic. The Scheming Femme Fatal Lady Macbeth is the archetypal femme fatal. Her manipulation of Macbeth inevitably leads them to their deaths: she commits suicide and he is slain. In her ambition to become Queen, she encourages her husband to murder. King Lear’s daughters, Goneril and Regan, plot to inherit their father’s fortune. Once again, their ambition leads them to their deaths: Goneril stabs herself after poisoning Regan. Although Shakespeare seems to appreciate the intelligence at work in his femme fatal characters, allowing them to manipulate the men around them, his retribution is brutal and unforgiving. The Witty, but Unmarriable Woman Katherine from The Taming of The Shrew is a prime example of the witty but unmarriable woman. Feminists have commented that their enjoyment of this play is marred by the fact that a man literally â€Å"breaks† Katherine’s spirit when Petruchio says â€Å"Come on  and kiss me, Kate.† Should we really celebrate this as a happy ending? Similarly, in the plot to Much Ado About Nothing, Benedick ultimately conquers the feisty Beatrice by saying, â€Å"Peace, I will stop your mouth.† These women are presented as clever, bold and independent but are put in their place by the end of the play. The Married Off Woman Many of Shakespeare’s comedies end with an eligible woman being married off – and therefore being made safe. These women are often very young and passed from their father’s care to their new husband’s. More often than not, these are high-born characters such as Miranda in The Tempest who is married to Ferdinand, Helena and Hermia in A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Hero in Much Ado About Nothing. Women Who Dress as Men Rosalind in As You Like it and Viola in Twelfth Night both dress as men. Consequently, they are able to play a more active role in the play’s narrative. As â€Å"men†, these characters have more freedom, highlighting the lack of social liberty for women in Shakespeare’s time. Falsely Accused of Adultery Women in Shakespeare’s plays are sometimes wrongly accused of adultery and suffer greatly as a result. For example, Desdemona is killed by Othello who supposes her infidelity and Hero falls terribly ill when she is falsely accused by Claudio. It seems that Shakespeare’s women are judged by their sexuality even when they remain faithful to their husbands and husbands-to-be. Some feminists believe that this demonstrates male insecurity about female sexuality.

Justification of Intellectual Property Protection Essay

Justification of Intellectual Property Protection - Essay Example The paper throws light on intellectual property as any change of mind or innovation. This property, maybe a symbol or a logo, any unique name designated for a company, creative and artistic invention. Intellectual property is secluded or patent innovation. Certain brands use a specific trade mark and music companies copyright their sounds and videos patterns, professionals carry out methods formulas and technologies which are confined in official documents or economic values that are used commercially. Intellectual property is the intangible or insubstantial vague property on the other hand special private and personal property of any individual or a company is tangible is easily and clearly defined. IP is any form of expression, this includes images, symbols, logos, title, label, techniques, methods used in business industry or commerce; software, music rhythms literary. This personal effort is the innovation and creation of mind and displayed and manifested, it has physical existen ce and exclusive property rights. Exclusive property rights include copyrights, trademarks, patents industrial design rights and trade secrets, these rights are intellectual property and protect company’s different types of unrelated legal concepts. The British statue of Anne 1710 and statue of monopolies 1623 are the two patent laws, copyrights that are nowadays used respectively, these laws were originated in the late 20th century and since then the word intellectual property started to be used. ... This absolute protection thus deals intellectual property as real property. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) treaty and other global agreements are based on the fact that the intellectual property rights should be protected as it is essential to the economic growth. The following reasons are given in the handbook published by the World Intellectual Property Organization related to the intellectual property laws. "One is to give statutory expression to the moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and the rights of the public in access to those creations.† Inventions were not the reason to initiate the history of patent, but it was in fact the grants given by the Queen Elizabeth 1 (1558-1603) and other royal family members for the privileges aimed at creating monopoly. nearly 200 years after the end of the reign of Elizabeth 1 a patent now shows and represents a legal status to the rights which are obtained by the person inventing something whic h gives him the right to control that invention exclusively, control and restrict its production, sale or any restricting any other method that might make that invention available for others to use independently. (Mossoff, A, 2001, Vol. 52, p. 1255) The aim of this paper is to study the justifications or arguments that surround the formation of intellectual property law. The paper will open discussion with the aims of intellectual property law and then move to the justifications. The paper will also discuss the limitations to these justifications and in the end, conclude the discussion with a critical evaluation of the intellectual property law terms. Aims of Intellectual Property Law This section will deal with the protection of intellectual property incentives taken for those

The Catholic Faith With Contrasting Facts on Islam Religion Essay

The Catholic Faith With Contrasting Facts on Islam Religion - Essay Example With the death of Christ, the apostle Peter was designated as the first Pope, or temporal head of the Catholic Church. Since then, the mission of this faith is to spread the faith across the world. According to Pope Benedict XVI, the mission of the Catholic Church can be summarized â€Å"as a threefold responsibility to proclaim the word of God, celebrate the sacraments, and exercise the ministry of charity† (Benedict XVI 2005). Known to be one of the oldest institutions in the world, the Catholic Church is rich with traditions and beliefs seen through the eyes of devotees. This essay provides the opportunity for a Catholic devotee to be interviewed. In the process, one would appreciate the insights, beliefs, underlying teachings of the Catholic Church as seen from of an ordinary woman. The interview was conducted in the Infant of Prague Catholic Church at Jacksonville, North Carolina. The person being interviewed is Christina Cordero, a Roman Catholic by virtue of her birth and baptism. She was raised in another country, the Philippines, which is a predominantly Catholic country. The Infant of Prague Catholic Church is medium built. It has three balconies, vaulted ceilings, a separate room for families with small children who might act up during service, an elaborate altar flanked by praying candles, and beautiful stained glass windows with depictions of St. Michael, St. Peter and others saints. Apart from the solemn faà §ade, there is just one thing that needs some maintenance and repairs – the pews.

Utiltarianism vs Kant Essay Example for Free

Utiltarianism vs Kant Essay Kant had a different ethical system which was based on reason. According to Kant reason was the fundamental authority in determining morality. All humans possess the ability to reason, and out of this ability comes two basic commands: the hypothetical imperative and the categorical imperative. In focusing on the categorical imperative, in this essay I will reveal the underlying relationship between reason and duty. The categorical imperative suggests that a course of action must be followed because of its rightness and necessity. The course of action taken can also be reasoned by its ability to be seen as a universal law. Universal laws have been deemed as unconditional commands that are binding to everyone at all times. Kant believed that individuals have a freedom to consciously obey the laws of the universe as they are revealed in accordance to our ability to reason. Kant goes a step further to suggest that our actions should be driven by a sense of duty that is dictated by reason. What does it mean to act out of duty? Kant says that this means that we should act out of respect for the moral law. The moral law can be directly related to the categorical imperative. How can we accomplish the task of acting out of duty? We must first recognize and have an understanding of what the moral law is, then a sense of duty should become the motive for our actions. Finally our actions should be compelled by doing what is morally right; which is considered doing what we can will to be a universal law to be followed by all. Moral laws can also be defined as universal laws. Kants theory can be defended on several premises. First, all individuals do have a duty to what is right, whether they act accordingly or not. All citizens are held to a duty to uphold the laws, if there was no duty then laws would not exist. Morality coincides with being loyal to the laws, being a disciplined person, and living an orderly life. These essentials are all present in Kants perception of duty. Another key strength to the theory is the concentration on motivation. The motive for which an individual acts has more validity then the unknown consequences that lie ahead. According to Kant we are motivated by our duty, and we know that motivation comes from an internal source. Motive provides substance to personal decisions and choices that are made. In order to feel a duty to react or act in a certain manner, an individual uses internal reasoning when making decisions. As moral agents who have the ability to reason Kants theory is right on the target. We will consciously make decisions by the things or factors that we are motivated by. I feel that it is safe to say that most people actions are guided by motives whether they are morally correct or not. Utilitarians on the other hand would disagree with Kant on several points. Utilitarians would argue that actions should be decided by the consequences they would produce. Remember that utilitarians believe in the good for the greatest number. In an argument against Kants theory, they would say that the categorical imperative can not be used as a tool to measure morality. Doing what one will ultimately will as a universal law can not guarantee the a positive for the majority. In their argument against Kantian ethical theories they would probably state that Kant does not leave room for ill will to be addressed. A person who has bad or ill intentions, would act in a manner in which they would want others to follow. This position would leave room for immorality to be introduced, and it would ultimately not serve the general purpose of supporting the rule of sustaining good for the greater number of individuals. Secondly, utilitarians would argue that down playing the importance of consequences would create an even greater injustice to society. Peoples actions should be gauged by the consequences they produce. Consequences are the end result to the means. Kant and his beliefs do not factor in the turmoil that will result from negative decisions that are made. The gauge for measuring happiness would be determined by the affect of the consequences in the eyes of a utilitarian. Thirdly, utilitarians would attack Kant on his reasoning part of the theory. According to utilitarians there is no compelling reason that the prohibition against certain actions should hold without exceptions. Utilitarianism will allow for circumstances of different situations to be factored into the consequences. Therefore, Kants theory of no exceptions, will not encompass total reasoning. Reasoning alone can not prevent certain actions from taking place. Especially when the good of the greatest doesnt factor in the decision making process. Reasoning is an internal personal choice.

math lesson Essay -- essays research papers

Lesson Plan Title: Alexander, Who Used to Be Rich Last Sunday: Understanding Opportunity Costs Grade Level:2, 3, or 6th Duration: three 50-minute class periods Student Goal: To understand that there is an opportunity cost to every economic decision and that these costs come as a result of limited resources. Student Objectives Students will: †¢ Identify "opportunity costs" in the story and in their own lives. †¢ Create an opportunity costs bar graph as a whole class. †¢ Complete a table of personal spending and savings information. †¢ Write an original story about how they spent and saved their allowance and what they gave up or their "opportunity costs" in order to reach their goals. Materials: †¢ a copy of Alexander, Who Used to Be Rich Last Sunday, by Judith Viorst †¢ chart paper †¢ markers †¢ overhead projector †¢ transparency †¢ student handout: How I Spent & Saved My Allowance (included). This was provided by the teacher in which I was doing my participant observations with. Set Up and Prepare: 1. Use the book Alexander, Who Used to Be Rich Last Sunday, by Judith Viorst. 2. Write the definition of the term "opportunity cost" on a sheet of chart paper and display for the class: Opportunity Cost: what you give up when you decide to do or buy something 3. Draw a bar graph on a transparency. Write the title "Opportunity Costs for a College Education" across the top. Label the horizontal axis "Opportunity Costs." Label the vertical axis "Number of Students." 4. Print out copies of the student handout "How I Spent & Saved My Money" for each student to take home. Directions: PART I: Step 1: Share with students a story about a time when you did not buy something you really wanted so that you could use or save the money for something more important. For example, maybe you didn't go on a vacation so you could save the money for a car you need to buy. Explain that what you gave up is called an "opportunity cost." Direct students' attention to the definition of "opportunity cost" displayed on the chart paper. Step 2: Ask students to share stories from their own lives in which they gave up something to get something else, or to save for something else that they want more. Have them identify their opportunity costs. Ask studen... ... †¢ How much does Alexander have after he buys the gum? ($0.85); after he loses a bet to his mother? ($0.70); after he rents Eddie's snake? ($0.58); after his father fines him for saying naughty words ($0.48); after flushing pennies down the toilet and dropping a nickel through a crack? ($0.40); after paying for Anthony's chocolate bar? ($0.29); after pennies disappear in Nick's trick ($0.25); after paying his father for kicking his brother? ($0.20); after buying things at a garage sale ($0.00). Set Up Shop/ Learning Center: Students set up a shop and role play the parts of customer and shopkeeper, making economic decisions along the way. Have them draw pictures or use manipulatives for the items they are selling in the store. Allow them to determine prices and tag each item. Then give all students the opportunity to be a customer and the shopkeeper. Provide customers with a limited amount of play money to spend in the store. They will need to budget their money so that they can afford all they need to buy. Using play money too, the shopkeepers sharpen their math skills as they make change for the customers. Assignments: Student Handout: How I Spent & Saved My Money

Reaching Your Potential

After I read this article I fond out that managing yourself is a good way to be successful. There are some strategies of how to achieve higher levels of success, such as knowing yourself, excelling at critical tasks and demonstrating character and leadership. The purpose is to clear understand who you are and what your dream is. There is one strategies really touched me is that knowing your self from strengths and weakness can help you to achieve your dream or goal. First, knowing yourself is telling you to understand what are your strengths and weaknesses when you start your career. Some people can easily tell what are their strengths, but hard to defined the weakness. Talking to other people who knows you is a good way to get the answer. After finding the weakness and strength, the next thing is to ask yourself about what is your dream work and what do you enjoy doing? Then keep your strength and face your weakness in order to reach your full potential. I do agree this strategy and it helps a lot, I still remember when I started working, I wasn’t good at communication at first. However, my job required me to communicate with different manufactures, so I need to negotiate with different departments and sometimes I am asked to go to the factory to see the quality of samples. It requires a certain level of communication skills. In order to practice my communication skill, I try to write down my points before conversations. After a lot of time practice, I can clearly state my point of view. I faced my weakness in order to do well with my job. I think those practices not only improve my working ability but also having a good effect even up to now. Secondly, Excelling at critical tasks is to know how to develop your skills and how to distribute times after a critical business meeting. In order to reach your potential, it requires introspection and certain proactive behaviors. This strategy reminds me of my previews manager when I working in a French fashion company. She is good at using spare time to find useful information. In my memory, she always came to office half hour earlier and collected some latest news from fashion newspaper and websites, and prepared work to each designer. This is a good way to distribute times and practice the skill of colleting useful information. Last but not least is demonstrating character and leadership, a leader is a good decision maker and benefits the organization’s overall performance, and also they need to speak up and make better choices. I think leadership is a major element in management field, and better leadership can make company better organized. In conclusion, the advice for you to reaching your potential is to identify your dream, develop the skills after finding your weakness, and exhibit character and leadership.

A Doll’s House Essay

Perspective of A Doll’s House Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House uses emotional conversations to depict a family living in false emotional circumstances and having to come to terms with reality. The title A Doll’s House describes the facade of a family living in a nice house. The platitude â€Å"All that glitters is not gold† means that not everything that looks good on the outside is not good on the inside, like a doll’s house. In the first part of the play, Nora’s old friend from school, Mrs. Linde arrives impromptu. Nora is very fast to describe to her what a good life she has; â€Å"So you are quite alone.How dreadfully sad that must be. I have three lovely children. You cannot see them just now, for they are out with their nurse† (7). This shows how important it is to Nora to keep up her facade of having a nice home and a good life. It’s also makes a distance between the two women's lives, even if Mrs. Linde tells Nora ab out her poor family situation, Nora still brags. During the conversation, Nora tells Mrs. Linde about her secret; that she has borrowed money from Krogstad, one of the bankers in town, to help her husband Torvald a long time ago.Torvald does not know anything about the loan and Mrs. Linde is surprised about it and she thinks Nora should tell him about it. Nora answers; â€Å"†¦ And besides, how painful and humiliating it would be for Torvald, with his manly independence, to know that he owed me anything! It would upset our mutual relations altogether; our beautiful happy home would no longer be what it is now† (12). This reflects the old sight of male and female position in the home or relation; the man is the one who should be responsible for the income and be independent. The female part is the opposite.The last sentence from Nora, demonstrates once again how important it is for her that her life looks perfect from the viewer’s sight. Nora is in a very hard situ ation with Krogstad because of the loan she took a long time ago. Krogstad behaves insipid against Nora in the middle of the play, when he threats her to tell Torvald about the loan. She talks to Dr. Rank, an old friend of the family, and she is very close to betraying her big secret, but instead she just informs him; â€Å"You can do nothing for me now. Besides I really don’t need any help at all. You will find that the whole thing is merely fancy on my part.It really is so-of course it is! † (41). From this we learn that Nora changes her sight of her self. She acts very clearly to Dr. Rank for many reasons, for example to get rid of Dr. Rank’s curiosity and also to convince her self that she has done the right thing and that everything is going to be fine. It also shows one of her first steps into her independence. In the end of the play, Nora realizes that her life is not real, is not perfect, is not fantastic; it is just like a dream story from outside like she always wanted her life to be – but she is not satisfied.Nora decides to tell Torvald about how she feels and she forces him to talk with her seriously; â€Å"I say that we have never sat down in earnest together to try to get at the bottom of anything. † Torvald answers â€Å"But, dearest Nora, would it have been any good to you? † (66). It looks like Torvald doesn’t think Nora has her own thoughts, or her own willing. He does not listen to her or maybe he does not want to listen to her. Nora continues to inform Torvald about her feelings, about how he and her father have made a big sin against her. â€Å"It is your fault that I have made nothing of my life† (66).Nora is much older now then she was when she first met Torvald, and she has changed during the years. Both of them play their roles very well and it is not only Torvald’s fault that she has not been able to do something of her life. When it comes to someone’s life, it is very much up to the person herself. Nora tells Torvald that she has never been standing on her own feet, â€Å"I have been your doll wife, just as at home I was Papa’s doll child; and here the children have been my dolls. I thought it great fun when you played with me, just as they thought it was great fun when I played with them.That is what our marriage has been, Torvald† (67). Ibsen describes how Nora gets an insight about which kind of life she lives. The image pattern of Nora shows a change comparing of the beginning of the book when she brags in front of people. The three children stand for happiness but Nora does not seem to have a close and genuine relationship to them. It is just a scene. Nora comes to a point in her life when she understands that she lives an unreal life and she has to do something about it. Ibsen shows that she is able to take the step out of the marriage like an independent person.Everyone thinks she lives her life like a doll in a perfect home. Ibsen’s choice of title is both good and ironic; good because it brings thoughts to the perfect family-life, and ironic because the play tells about how the inside of the house; the family, the marriage, the relations etc. , struggles with a lot of problems in contrast to the facade. One of Ibsen’s messages about marriage and family is to manage to be happy together, everyone has to take care and understand herself before she can take care of others. When a person is independent and safe on her own, she is able to love and take care of her true love and family.

Hess Law of Heat Summation Essay Example

Hess Law of Heat Summation Essay Example Hess Law of Heat Summation Essay Hess Law of Heat Summation Essay Hess  Law  of  Heat  Summation Hess  Law  states  that: The  enthalpy  change  for  any  reaction  depends   on  the  products  and  reactants  and  is  independent   of  the  pathway  or  the  number  of  steps  between   the  reactant  and  product. BASICALLY:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Hess  Law  states  the  heat  evolved  or  absorbed  in     Ã‚  Ã‚  a  chemical  process  is  the  same  whether  the  process     Ã‚  Ã‚  takes  place  in  one  or  in  several  steps     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­;This  is  also  known  as  the  law  of  constant  heat  summation. All  it  means  is  that  no  matter  how  many  steps  the  chemical     Ã‚  Ã‚  reaction  proceeds  through,  the  total  heat  evolved  or  absorbed   Ã‚  Ã‚  is  the  added  heat  values  of  each  step  and  will  always  be   Ã‚  Ã‚  a  constant  figure  for  that  process. For  example:     Ã‚  Ã‚  When  phosphoric  acid  (a  tri ­hydrogen  acid)  is  neutralized     Ã‚  Ã‚  with  a  base,  the  hydrogens  are  neutralised  in  3  steps:   Ã‚  Ã‚  STEP  1:  Ã‚  Ã‚  H3P04  +  NaOH  Ã‚ ­;  NaH2PO4  +  H2O  ­gives  X  amount  of  heat     Ã‚  Ã‚  STEP  2:  Ã‚  Ã‚  NaH2PO4  +  NaOH  Ã‚ ­;  Na2HPO4  +  H2O  ­gives  Y  amount  of  heat   Ã‚  Ã‚  STEP  3:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Na2PO4  +  NaOH  Ã‚ ­;  Na3PO4  +H2O  ­gives  Z  amount  of  heat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Therefore,  the  total  heat  ofà ‚  reaction  (  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hrxn)  is  equal  to: There  are  two  (2)  ways  to  calculate  the  heat  of  reaction   using  Hess  Law: 1 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Equation  Method  (Algebraic  Method) 2 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Heat  of  Formation  Method  (Summation  Method) Equation  (Algebraic)  Method Strategy:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ­add  equations  for  reactions  with  known  enthalpies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  so  that  their  net  result  is  the  desired  reaction Sample  Problem  1: Use  the  equations  below  to  determine  the  enthalpy  of  reaction for  the  decomposition  of  hydrogen  peroxide: H2O2(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2O(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1/2  O2(g) The  equations  are: 1 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2O2(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚   2 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  1/2  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2O(l) Hf  =  Ã‚ ­188  kJ Hf  =  Ã‚ ­286  kJ Solution: Sample  Problem  2: Use  the  following  equations: 1 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1/2  N2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  3/2  H2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NH3(g) 2 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1/2  N2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NO2(g) 3 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  1/2  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2O(g) Hf  =  Ã‚ ­46. 0  kJ Hf  =  +34. 0  kJ Hf  =  Ã‚ ­242. 0  kJ to  calculate  the  enthalpy  of  reaction  for: 4  NH3(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  7  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4  NO2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  6  H2O(g) Solution: Practice  Problem: Calculate  the  heat  of  reaction  for  the  oxidation of  one  mole  of  ethanol  to  ethanoic  acid: C2H5OH(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CH3COOH(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  H2O(l) Use  the  equations  below:  ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C2H5OH(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  3  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  CO2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  3  H2O(l) 2 ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CH3COOH(l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  CO2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  H2O(l) Hc  =  Ã‚ ­1367  kJ Hc  =  Ã‚ ­874  kJ Enthalpy  of  Formation   (Summation)  Method Standard  Molar  Enthalpy  of  Formation:  (  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  )  ­the  amount  of  ____  (absorbed  or  released)  when  _________  of     a  compound  is  formed  from  its  _________________  in  their   standard  states  ­most  enthalpies  of  formation  are  Ã‚ ­ve  (__________________)? therefore,  most  compounds  are  ___________  stable  than  the   elements  they  are  made  from  ­Ã‚  the  enthalpy  of  formation  of  an  element  in  its  s tandard  state   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  is  _____  because  it  is  usually  its  most  stable  form! Write  the  formation  equations  for: a)  Ã‚  methane  gas: b)  Ã‚  calcium  carbonate: c)  Ã‚  hydrogen  chloride  gas: (Look  at  the  Table! ) How  to  Use  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hf  to  Calculate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hrxn Recall:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hrxn  = therefore, Hrxn  =  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (  n  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hf  products)  Ã‚  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (  n  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hf  reactants) Sample  Problem  1: Using  the  enthalpies  of  formation,   calculate  the  enthalpy  of  reaction  for:  Ã‚  Ã‚     CH4(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CO2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  H2O(g) Practice  Problem: Use  the  summation  method  to  determine   the  enthalpy  of  reaction  for: 4 NO2(g) + 6 H2O(g) 4  NH3(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  Ã‚  7  O2(g) Homework:  ­Ã‚  p. 247  #13 ­16  ­Ã‚  p. 251  #17 ­20  ­Ã‚  p. 254  #21 ­24  ­Ã‚  the  following  three  questions:   Ã‚  Use  the  summation  method  to  calculate  each   Ã‚  of  the  following:   Ã‚  a)  Ã‚  CO2(g)  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  H2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CO(g)  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  H2O(g)   Ã‚  b)  Ã‚  C2H5OH(l)  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  3  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  CO2(g)  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  3  H2O(l)   Ã‚  c)  Ã‚  C2H6(g)  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  7/2  O2(g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  CO(g)  Ã‚  +  Ã‚  3  H2O(l)

Explore Antarcticas Hidden Lake Vostok

Explore Antarcticas Hidden Lake Vostok One of the largest lakes on planet Earth is an extreme environment hidden beneath a thick glacier near the South Pole. Its called Lake Vostok, buried beneath nearly four kilometers of ice on Antarctica. This frigid environment has been hidden from sunlight and Earths atmosphere for millions of years. From that description, it sounds like the lake would be an icy trap devoid of life. Yet, despite its hidden location and terribly inhospitable environment, Lake Vostok teems with thousands of unique organisms. They range from tiny microbes to fungi and bacteria, making Lake Vostok a fascinating case study in how life survives in hostile temperatures and high pressure. Finding Lake Vostok The existence of this sub-glacial lake took the world by surprise. It was first found by an aerial photographer from Russia who noticed a large smooth impression near the South Pole in East Antarctica. Followup radar scans in the 1990s confirmed that something was buried under the ice. The newly discovered lake turned out to be quite large: 230 kilometers (143 miles long) and 50 km (31 miles) wide. From its surface to the bottom, it is 800 meters (2,600) feet deep, buried under miles of ice. Lake Vostok and Its Water There are no subterranean or sub-glacial rivers feeding Lake Vostok. Scientists have determined that its sole source of water is melted ice from the ice sheet that hides the lake. Theres also no way for its water to escape, making Vostok a breeding ground for underwater life. Advanced mapping of the lake, using remote sensing instruments, radar, and other geologic research tools, show that the lake sits on a ridge, which may be harboring heat in a hydrothermal vent system. That geothermal heat (generated by molten rock beneath the surface) and the pressure of the ice on top of the lake keep the water at a constant temperature. The Zoology of Lake Vostok When Russian scientists drilled cores of ice out from above the lake to study the gases and ices laid down during different periods of Earths climate, they brought samples of frozen lake water up for study. Thats when the life forms of Lake Vostok were first discovered. The fact that these organisms exist in the lake water, which, at -3 ° C, is somehow not frozen solid, raises questions about the environment in, around, and under the lake. How do these organisms survive in these temperatures? Why hasnt the lake frozen over? Scientists have now studied the lakes water for decades. In the 1990s, they began to find microbes there, along with other types of miniature life, including fungi (mushroom-type life), eukaryotes (the first organisms with true nuclei), and assorted multicellular life. Now, it appears that more than 3,500 species live in the lakes water, in its slushy surface, and in its frozen muddy bottom. Without sunlight, Lake Vostoks living community of organisms (called extremophiles, because they thrive in extreme conditions), rely on chemicals in rocks and heat from the geothermal systems to survive. This isnt terribly different from other such life forms found elsewhere on Earth. In fact, planetary scientists suspect that such organisms could thrive very easily in extreme conditions on icy worlds in the solar system. The DNA of Lake Vostoks Life Advanced DNA studies of the Vostokians indicate that these extremophiles are typical of both freshwater and saltwater environments and they somehow find a way to live in the cold waters. Interestingly, while the Vostok life forms are thriving on chemical food, they themselves are identical to bacteria that live inside of fish, lobsters, crabs, and some types of worms. So, while the Lake Vostok life forms may be isolated now, they are clearly connected to other forms of life on Earth. They also make a good population of organisms to study, as scientists ponder whether or not similar life exists elsewhere in the solar system, particularly in the oceans beneath the icy surface of Jupiters moon, Europa. Lake Vostok is named for Vostok Station, commemorating a Russian sloop used by Admiral Fabian von Bellingshausen, who sailed on voyages to discover Antartica. The word means east in Russian. Since its discovery, scientists have been surveying the under-ice landscape of the lake and the surrounding region. Two more lakes have been found, and that now raises the question about connections between these otherwise-hidden bodies of water. In addition, scientists are still debating the history of the lake, which appears to have formed at least 15 million years ago and was covered over by thick blankets of ice. The surface of Antarctica above the lake routinely experiences very cold weather, with temperatures dipping down to -89 ° C. The biology of the lake continues to be a major source of research, with scientists in the U.S., Russia, and Europe, studying the water and its organisms closely to understand their evolutionary and biological processes. Continued drilling poses a risk to the ecosystem of the lake since contaminants such as antifreeze will harm the organisms of the lake. Several alternatives are being examined, including hot-water drilling, which may be somewhat safer, but it  still poses a danger to lake life.

There are signs that the current economic situation is improving Essay

There are signs that the current economic situation is improving - Essay Example HRM is also entrusted with the tasks of ensuring that a suitable working environment is developed in organisations. Moreover, it also ensures that a harmonious and a better relationship is developed amid employees and management of organisations. The role of HRM can be viewed to get affected due to influences with respect to internal along with external environment. In this regard, the internal factors include organisational culture and climate. Organisational culture is based on various factors including values, beliefs along with ethnicity of employees. Organisational climate depends on leadership styles, communication and human resource (HR) policies. On the other hand, external factors comprise economic conditions, demographics and labour market conditions. Economic conditions entail availability of financial resources or materials and demand along with supply of products and/or services. Labour market implies the availability of labour forces to be recruited. Demographics state the features of the workforces to be recruited which include education level, marital status and age. In this context, the economic conditions are determined as the major element affecting the aspect of HRM in maintaining the performance of business organisations. This can be owing to the reason that the economic conditions pose several threats to certain significant factors that include employment rate and productivity (Pearson Canada Inc., 2013). It can be apparently observed that the global economy has been under economic recession from the period 2009, affecting business operations on a global context. However, the commencement of the year 2011 has been identified to reveal signs of improvement in the global economic conditions with increased demand and sales of products and/or services. Additionally, the rate of employment has declined by a certain extent. Moreover, there are certain other factors depicting the reviving conditions of the global economic conditions that include profit margin, increased factory productions and better job opportunities (Pearson Canada Inc., 2013). In this respect, the essay intends to discuss about the impact of improving economic conditions imposed on the policies along with other strategic aspects of HRM within organisations. Review of Literature Improving Economic Situations According to Monica (2012), the economic conditions have been observed to improve by a certain extent in a slow and a steady manner after the recession period. It can be viewed in this similar concern that the spending of consumers in the worldwide market segments have increased by a substantial amount due to greater flow of money in the economy. Additionally, operations of business organisations have increased on a global context with better trading activities and sales of products and/or services. Monica (2012) noted that flow of investments has augmented with the rise of the trends of globalisation. Moreover, the rate of inflation is also seemed to reduce in most of the countries, improving the purchasing power of customers at large (Monica, 2012). In this similar context, Jochnick (2013) stated that balanced economic policies have assisted countries in improving their respective economic conditi

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Personal Statement - Essay Example Out of this brief sessions I acquired practical skill in visualizing, communication practical work among others. In the recent past, I acted as co-producer in the Variety Show hosted by the University of London Hong Kong Society. It presented me with a practical challenge where I utilized my skills to the actual test. Despite this learning and practical experience, I still feel is should continue learning. There is always something new to the world of arts (The Warhol, n.d). Due to my study of diverse art related courses, I have interacted with a large number of people. This has made me develop strong interpersonal skills, leadership skills as we completed tasks as groups. I have been lucky throughout my life to visit Tate Modern Museum where I saw the exhibition of Roy Lichtenstein a Pop Art artist which reignited and strengthened m interest in Pop Art. I also recently attended an exhibition at the Saatchi Gallery (Gallery, n.d) where there was an exhibition of Andy Warhol was exhibited. Andy Warhol is another pop art artist whom I consider my best artist and inspiration. I had a chance to see the works of Peter Blake’s indomitable 1967 album ‘STG Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band.† All this have improved my understanding of the arts not solely as a subject but as a way of life. That is the main reason I find impossible to abandon All these are Pop Art artists that I admire, but I admire Andy Warhol most. Andy was a prolific artist who engaged in a diverse artist works. This diverse artistic works include; hand drawing, paintings, photography, scriptures among others. It is hard to imagine how an aspiring artist can fail to a dmire Andy Warhol (The Warhol, n.d). Pop art is an art that developed in mid 1950s in both U.S and Britain. It makes images from traditional cultures as opposed to the elitist arts. Pop artists engage in arts dealing with everyday life objects and people rather than

Criminal Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Criminal Justice - Assignment Example in â€Å"Friend or Foe†). Despite the continuous adoption of this legal rule, I do agree with the contention of Edwin Meese. â€Å"The rule endangers innocent victims while letting criminals escape† (â€Å"Friend or Foe†). Due to this principle, illegal weapons which are considered as illegally confiscated by police authorities because it violates the prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures are considered as inadmissible in evidence. Hence, the illegal articles will not be included in the criminal proceeding which if actually admitted will surely convict the accused or punish the individual who is in possession of an illegal item. In this sense, the accused is freed from any liability with regard to that illegal item leaving the victim hopeless and frustrated. Moreover, this rule can encourage more law violators believing that they will not be punished by owning that illegal item as long as it is not seized legally. The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine is not helpful per

How Does The Concentration Affect Osmosis?

How Does The Concentration Affect Osmosis? Diffusion is the net passive movement of particles atoms, ions or molecules from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. Diffusion is important process that occurs in human body example of one of many types of diffusion which occur in the human body is gas exchange at the alveoli- oxygen from air to blood, carbon dioxide from blood to air. [5] Osmosis is the diffusion of fluid through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a low solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration until there is an equal concentration of fluid on both sides of the membrane. [1] Diffusion and osmosis is an example of passive transport. Passive transport is a movement of substance across a permeable membrane without added energy. The difference between osmosis and diffusion is that; diffusion can take place without a membrane whereas osmosis only takes place across a semi permeable membrane. Osmosis only involves movement of water across a permeable membrane. Osmosis is much slower than the rate of diffusion. Osmosis is a passive transport of water whereas diffusion is a passive transport of solutes. [7, 8] A permeable membrane is a membrane that allows all types of molecules or ions to penetrate through it; it lets everything go through it such as salt. [6] Whereas a  semi permeable membrane  is a membrane that allows let only solvents, like water, to pass through it. It is a membrane that will only allow certain molecules through it. In general oxygen, food and water are allowed to enter; waste products are allowed to exit and harmful substances are kept out. It doesnt let large soluble pass through it. [2, 3] Osmosis is the main way water is transported in and out of cells in the human body. The areas of high concentration of water molecules are called hypotonic. Hypotonic solution has a low concentration of dissolved substances. Areas of low concentration of water molecules are called hypertonic. Hypertonic solution has a high concentration of dissolved substances. During osmosis, water molecules naturally travel from hypotonic areas to hypertonic areas. Water molecules travel from hypotonic areas to hypertonic areas because this process equalizes the concentrations of water and dissolved substances. [4] This is example of osmosis in human body, Salts and minerals from water are transferred in the body through osmosis. Water flows through the plasma membrane of cells and due to osmosis concentration of water, glucose and salt is maintained inside the body. [9] Active  transport  is when dissolved molecules move across a cell membrane  from a lower to a higher concentration. In active transport, particles move  against  the concentration gradient and therefore require an input of energy  from the cell. The energy used to absorb the molecules comes from respiration. In humans, active transport takes place during the  digestion  of food in the small intestine. Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars such as glucose. The glucose is absorbed by active transport into the villi, to be passed into the bloodstream and taken around the body. [10] http://www.bbc.co.uk/bang/images/446251/osmosis.jpg [11] Diffusion[12] http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/images/biomembrane1/Tonic2.gif [13] Apparatus: Potato chip: This will help me justify if osmosis is occurring. I have used potato chip to help me justify if osmosis as it is a semi-permeable cell. The length, width and mass of all the potato chip used in the experiment are to be kept same. Scalpel and a chopping tile: The scalpel will be used to cut all the potato chip to the chosen length and width. The chopping tile will used to place the potato chip while being to reduce damages to the work area i.e. cutting of work place while cutting the chip. Electronic scale: Electronic scale will be used in my experiment to measure the mass of potato chip during the experiment. I have decided to use Electronic scale rather than a spring balance to weigh the potato chip because using electronic scale means that my results are accurate as electronic scale has measuring units ranging from grams- kilograms. My results will also be precise as the electronic scale measures the weight of something to 2 decimal places. The results obtained from a spring balance will not be precise; the results will also not be accurate as parallax error could occur while reading the data. The use of balance is necessary in the experiment because I will need to calculate mass of the potato before and after during the experiment, so that I can calculate reliable percentage difference in mass. Distilled water: This will be used to preserve the potato chip .I have decided to use distilled water rather than water because it is an isotonic solution and using distilled water to preserve the potato chip means that the potato chip wont be affected by outside factors; therefore making my results reliable. Ruler: Ruler will be used in my experiment to accurately measure the width and the length of the potato chip; to make sure that they are all same size. I have decided to use a ruler marked in units of cm and mm so that my results will be precise as the potato chip cutting will be even and of the same size. Filter paper: This will be used in my experiment to blot the potato chip once it has been taken out of the sucrose solution; I will blot the potato chip in order to absorb excess water from the potato so that there is as little water molecules in the potato; doing this will help me measure the true value of the mass of the potato and make my result more accurate. Labels: To make sure that the experiment run smoothly, each agar plate that is being utilised in the experiment will be labelled. Labels will be used in my experiment so that the potato chip in a solution can be easily identified. Labels will help me find the concentration of a particular solution. Labelling the agar plates will prevent confusion, and reduce anomalous results. Sucrose solution: I will need a sufficient number of concentrations. This is so that I can easily show anomalies and trends in my results in order to draw an accurate conclusion. Sucrose solution will be used in my experiment as this will help me to figure out if osmosis is occurring. The aim of my investigation is to see how the rate of osmosis is affected by the concentration of the sucrose solution so I will be using different concentration of sucrose solution. Measuring cylinder: Cylinder will be used in my experiment to measure the amount of sucrose solution. I have decided to use a measuring cylinder rather than a beaker to measure the amount of sucrose solution because it is made to +0.5ml or -0.5ml where as a beaker is made to +3ml or -3ml. Using measuring cylinder will mean that there will be a high level of accuracy in my results. Using cylinder will mean the amount of concentration on each is accurate. Agar Plate (6): Agar plate will be used in my experiment to hold the sucrose solution and the potato chips. The agar plates will be labelled to prevent confusion and this will reduce chances of anomalous results. For e.g. If I were to add a sucrose solution with a concentration of 0.1 on to a agar plate but believed I had picked a sucrose solution with a concentration of 0.2, the results produced would contain error and would be anomalous. I have also decided to use an agar plate. Using a test tube could possibly result in potato chips leaning on the sides and decreasing the chips surface area. Therefore, I have decided to an agar plate rather than a test tube to carry out the experiment Stop watch: Stopwatch will be used in my experiment to record the amount of time the potato chip has been placed in the solution. Stopwatch watch will be used so that the timings of the experiment are accurately followed, and that the potato is removed from solution at the correct time. This way, the experiment remains fair. Health and Safety: Healthy and safety procedures are very important while carrying out the experiment: Scribe: Scribes will be used in the experiment to cut the potato chips, but could cause fatal injury if treated carelessly. Scribes are dangerous; they are sharp and could cause wounds. You should not walk in the lab carrying a scribe. Scribe shouldnt be placed at edge of the table which could result in injury if it falls off. Wear goggles- It is important to wear goggles to protect our eyes from any spills that could happen. In case of sucrose solution getting into your eyes, immediately flush eyes with water. It is also recommended to wear latex gloves as they are thin, see through and will not create difficulty for you while doing the experiment. Latex gloves will create a barrier between the substances and your hand. Wearing gloves protects our hand form the irritation which could be caused by sucrose solution. Wearing goggles and latex gloves will mean that there is maximum skin protection and minimises chances of irritation from substances coming in contact with the skin. People with sensitive skin are more likely to be affected if the solution gets spilled on their skin. Hands should also be washed after doing the experiment. Carry out the experiment standing- It is important to carry out the experiment standing, so that there is less chance of injury happening to you. If something happens, i.e. Sucrose solution spills, you can quickly move from the area. Positioning of equipment- Acids and Alkalis should be kept in a position where they are not likely to fall or spill. It shouldnt be kept at edge of the table. Equipment such as measuring cylinder which is made out of glass could fall and break easily if placed inappropriately, i.e. edge of the table. Broken pieces of glasses are hazard, it could easily cut someone. It is also important to put the beaker which contains the concentration of solution accordingly so that there are no spills; spills in the work area is an hazard, people could easily slip. Work area: Working area must be kept clear, there should be no baggage lying on the floor which could cause people to trip over, it is a hazard. Hazards in work place could lead to injury. It is also important not to run around while carrying equipment, equipment such as scribe could cause injury to yourself. Factors: Independent variable: The independent variable in the experiment is the concentration of sucrose solution. I will be changing the concentration of the sucrose solution to see how it affects osmosis. Dependent variable: The dependent variable in the experiment is the mass of the potato. I will be measuring the mass of the potato before placing it in the solution and after they have been placed in the solution. The mass of the potato after they have been placed in a solution is a continuous variable. Controlled variable: The controlled variable in the experiment are: Experimental room: The temperature affects the rate of a reaction because the greater the temperature, the greater the heat. There will be a higher rate of osmosis in the cell membrane because particles in the solution will be moving quickly due to temperature change. Water molecules will gain kinetic energy which increase osmosis. Higher temperature could also cause the cell membrane to denature, the water molecules in the solution could also evaporate. The temperature at which the experiment is carried out must remain constant in order for an experiment to be a fair test and my results to be reliable.  I would conduct the experiment in the same room to make this factor constant. Type of cell: Permeability of potatoes can differ, if I use potato chips with different level of permeability, the amount of solution going through will not be the same. I will be using potatoes with same level of permeability. Surface area of the chips: It is important to keep the surface area of each potato the same in the experiment. Potato chips with higher surface will mean that osmosis occurs faster, because more of the potato is available for reaction. Time: In order to find out how concentration affects osmosis. The amount of time which the potato will be left in a solution should remain constant. Having a potato chip in a solution for longer time will mean that it will have a greater chance to carry out osmosis than the other chips. This will mean that my experiment will become an unfair test; I will be using a stopwatch to keep this factor constant. Volume of concentration used: The volume of concentration used in the experiment needs to remain constant to make my experiment a fair test. If this factor wasnt kept constant then the amount of water molecules on the agar plate would be different and will be varying the rate of osmosis because there will be higher probability of water molecule diffusing through the permeable membrane. I will be keeping this factor constant by using a measuring cylinder which has a measuring accuracy of +0.5ml or -0.5ml. Hypothesis: I also believe that when the chip is placed in a dilute concentration of sucrose solution, it will gain mass and become rigid. The concentration of sucrose solution will have more water than the inside of the chip. This will result in water moving from the solution to the chip. The chip will gain mass as water goes in to the cell. The chip will become turgid and strong. I also believe that there will be a stage in the experiment where the potato will neither gain nor lose any mass. This will occur because the potato chips will be in an isotonic solution. The concentration inside and outside of the potato will be the same so no osmosis will be occurring. I believe as the concentration of the sucrose solution increases, the mass of the potato will decrease. During osmosis substances move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. Therefore, when a chip is placed in a concentrated sucrose solution, it will lose mass because the chip has a higher concentration of water than the sucrose solution. The sucrose solution in which the potato is kept will have will be concentrated and will not have much water. Water will move out from the chip and the cell becomes flaccid. Sugar molecules in the sucrose solution are too large to go through a semi-permeable membrane so water moves out during osmosis. The permeable membrane only allows solvent through it, the solute (sugar molecules) cant go through it. Preliminary test I have also carried out a preliminary test to see if there were any changes to be made in the final experiment. Preliminary method: I collected all the equipment needed for experiment. I made sure that I labelled the six agar plates that I used in my experiment to reduce confusion and minimise any chances of anomalous results. I measured the length of the potato; the width of each potato chip was same. The width of each potato chip to be used in the experiment was same. I measured the length of each potato chip using a ruler to make sure it was equal. Using potato chips with same length and width will result in all chips having mass but I measured mass of each chip rather than assuming the mass to be the same. If the mass had been different due to inaccurate measuring of length and width, I would change the length and width and measure the mass again. Then, I measured the mass of the potato using an electric scale. I also blotted the chip before measuring it to get an accurate value. I also waited 5 seconds after placing it on the scale to ensure that the figure displayed on the scale was not fluctuating. I poured †¦ m3 of a particular concentration of the sucrose solution into the agar plate using a measuring cylinder. Then, I placed the chip in a labelled agar plate with the correct concentration for 5 mins. I then took out the chip from the solution and blotted the chip with tissue paper to absorb any excess solution off the potato. I measured the mass of the potato after it was placed in the solution to figure out if it gained or lost mass. I carried out three repeats for each concentration to make sure that my results were reliable Then, I repeated step 3-7 for all the concentrations to be used in the experiment. Graph Analysis: During the experiment, I placed a potato chip on different concentrations of sucrose solution. We can see that as the concentration increases the mass decreases. During 0.5. Mass is acquired this cud be due to inaccurate measuring. From the graphs it is clear that there is coherent negative correlation the independent variable and the dependant variable. As the concentration increases, the percentage difference decreases. As the concentration increases from 0 100 the percentage change in massdecreases from †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. My results are reliable and accurate; it shows a strong negative correlation. All the concentrations have small range bars, indicating that the results are accurate and can be relied upon. However, results: 0.1m, 0.9m, and 1.0m all have large range bars suggesting they are unreliable. Ultimately, there is a connection between the concentration and the percentage change in mass Evaluation: I used an electronic scale to measure the mass of the potato during the experiment. The results given by the scale were precise but while measuring the chip during the experiment, there was a zero error. The scale showed mass of 0.04g when there was nothing placed on it. The scale was also free of water or any solution which could have caused the scale to show mass. The zero error present on the scale could have been the cause for anomalous results in the preliminary experiment. I also placed the chip in the solution for 5 minutes; I believe the time isnt long enough for osmosis to take place. Changes made from preliminary In my preliminary, I used five different concentration of sucrose solution, to find out if concentration affects osmosis. I have now decided to use nine different concentration of sucrose solution, ranging from 0% to 100%. I have done this to make sure that there will be a range of results which I can draw a conclusion from. I also placed the chip in the solution for 5 minutes; I believe the time isnt long enough for osmosis to take place. I believe perhaps a longer time would enable osmosis to take more effect. I will be putting the chip in the solution for 10 mins in my final experiment to increase the osmotic activity. Final experiment method: Final experiment results: *All data in the results are given correctly to two decimal places. *The difference in mass is worked out by the increase/decrease in mass, divided by the original mass and then, X 100. For example, The difference in mass for the concentration 0% is worked out by: (1.81-1.71) X 100 1.75 This is 3.43%. Graph analysis: The graph depicts a negative correlation. As the sucrose concentration increases (the independent variable), the change in mass of the plant tissue (the dependant variable) decreases. Evaluation: I would pick the chip from the distilled water by tweezers rather than hand. I will tweezers to pick it because this will mean that the potato chip doesnt make contact with skin, and no moisture will be absorbed by the chip form the potato. Moisture from skin could affect the mass of the potato. However, using tweezers to pick the potato, I could be damaging the chips cell which will have an effect on the results. I also used an electronic scale to measure the mass of the potato chip during the experiment; the use of electronic scale to measure the potato chip meant that my results obtained are precise as it gave figures to two decimal places. I think my result were also accurate because using an electronic scale meant that no parallax error occurred. If I were to use a spring balance to measure the chip of the potato, parallax error could occur. However, using an electronic scale could have resulted in systematic and zero error which could change my results significantly. I have also made sure that while measuring the chip, there was no zero error occurring. Zero error could have been the possible reason for anomalous results in the preliminary experiment. I have made sure that the scale displayed 0.00, in order to get an accurate value of the chip and to make my results reliable. It was also very hard in my experiment to make sure that each chip had a same surface area. The chips could possibly have different surface area. Although, we too care while measuring the length and width to make sure the difference of surface area between chips was minimal. I would also like to use a ruler with even smaller increments, such as tenth of millimetres to make sure that the length and width of the chip is very accurate. Despite the fact the chips could have different surface area; other controlled variables were kept the same throughout the experiment so my experiment can be considered reliable. I also carried the experiment three times for each concentration, doing this improves the reliability of the experiment. Doing three repeats for each concentration also increases reliability of the results. I also used concentration of solution ranging from 0%-100%, I believe I have used sufficient amount of concentrations to draw a conclusion. If I were to repeat the experiment, I would change the concentration in the experiment by 5% rather than 10%, this will allow me to work with a range of results. There could also be a human error in my experiment. For instance, I could have blotted one of the chips with filter paper more than the other; this would have resulted in a lower mass of the chip while weighing it. Human error could have been the reason for anomalous results. Other reasons for anomalous results could have been due to: Inaccurate measurements of the sucrose solution Systematic/ zero error while weighing the chip Pipette I also waited 5 seconds after I place the chip on the scale to measure it, so that the figure was settled. I also used an agar plate to ensure that potato chips were not touching the sides. The range of concentrations I used in the experiment are sufficient enough to Even though, I chose 10 mins prior to 5 mins for my real experiment, I would still like to change the time, I would make the time to 30 mins. This time would allow the process of osmosis to occur fully. Therefore, allowing me to collect clear data which shows the true difference made by each concentration. I would also consider using a precise, accurate and better weighing scale to measure the mass of the potato. Even though, the scale was accurate and precise. The weighing scale was constantly fluctuating which didnt allow me to get an accurate reading. I would like to use a scale which doesnt fluctuate and has higher level of precision- it should be able to measure to 3dp. This would also make my experiment and the results obtained reliable. Conclusion: Error bars The error bars have quite a small range. This means that my experiment is reliable. The error bars are not far apart; this implies that the results have been recorded in a similar way. This also tells us that the controlled variables such as, type of cell have been maintained throughout the experiment. Skills for Effective Management | Reflection Skills for Effective Management | Reflection Introduction Effective Management Skills There are a number of skills which are required for sake of effective management instead of a magical formula. This abet in getting the continual learning process in an easier and effective manner. If there is a proper management style being followed then one would be able to get the best leadership style being followed. Thus, few things are always necessary which are helpful in giving positive results in end. Some of the skills are; To be your ownself. Building an effective management style. Have some clear standards. Should be able to give feedback openly Always create an environment of trust Try to encourage staff Maintain regular meetings with staff. Set targets for every month. Examine all issues timely. Always admit your own mistakes Going along with all of these there is a need to understand the three major effective manager skills areas which are being observed. They are named as task execution, the wonderful commercial insight and proper people skills. There is a competence being maintained in all of these three then it would become a bit easier for sake of people to manage things and get beneficial results through their small acts. (Andrew, F. 2009) i) Task Execution When there is a talk about the task execution then it is clear that execution of the complex tasks and getting the proper management of projects is quite helpful. This is not only helpful in getting efficient operations done properly, but along with that it also abet in doing the planning, organizing and considerate kind of monitoring of the performances. Through that strong results focus can be attained in a particular manner. It gives the sense of urgency which is almost one of the biggest necessities for sake of those people who are thinking of getting the time pressures faced in an easier manner. EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT SKILLS IN THREE DIFFERENT AREAS TASK EXECUTION COMMERCIAL INSIGHT PEOPLE SKILLS ii) Commercial Insight This commercial insight is necessary for sake of getting a competitive edge. This can be beneficial as this emphasizes efficiency. Whether there is a need to talk about private sector or the government sector managers both can get benefited through it. Best thing is that, proper kind of setup is ascertained for sake of profitability or some times for return on investment as well. Many managers used to get strategic thinking ability through it. That abet in giving focus over the right tasks. Through them there is a chance to get an addition to most value. In a commercial insight proper planning skills are helpful in prioritizing different combinations of some abilities which are a proper mean of understanding financial aspects smoothly. Almost every kind of resources can be allocated through it at their disposal wisely. iii) People Skills There is integrity to foster trust. That abet in getting an emotional intelligence in a successful manner. This gives some kind of empowering, elegant coaching, some what motivating and a number of developing people catalysts easily. There are different ranges of tasks which can get a good facilitator easily. This is known to be people skill option, through which people can acquire effectiveness in their communication and tremendous kind of good listening skills as well. Skills Required For Effective Management Thus, there is always a need to have effective, efficient and positive kind of attitude towards management. This use to abet in getting wonderful results in future. Thus, two main types of skills which are required for the sake of an effective management are known to be; Personal Skills Professional Skills If an individual is able to make the excessive usage of both of these skills, then there might be some end results in the form of positive, progressive and spectacular results as well. There is a need to know how management differs from leadership. Management means to execute task effectively and efficiently and to achieve goals by utilizing all resources available for particular project or goal. However, leadership defines new directions or promotes organization. Leadership defines goals and resources but management utilize all resources to achieve goals set by leadership. Effective Management Skills For effective and efficient manager it is very important to have skills in three areas: People skills, Commercial insight and task execution. Many Managers seeks or get training how to strengthen in different areas but best managers have all 3 management skills. Task execution means to execute task with proper planning and also monitor performance of the task. In task execution strong focus remains on results and complex tasks are executed through efficient operations and monitoring. Skilled people manager create trust and the exciting intelligence to deal with different people fruitfully. Managers adopt strategic approach and focus on return on investment and profitability. Managers always tried to add more value in their product and utilize all resources according to output. Example of A Managers Effective Three Personal And Professional Skills Let me describe the importance of an effective management and different kinds of skills through the help of an example; Lets us consider that Mr. XYZ is having three types of personal and professional skills. His personal skills use to include interpersonal skills, communicative and self motivated person. Where as his professional skills use to include leadership, innovative strengths and disturbance handling skills as well. Thus, let me tell you that how these three kinds of skills might be helpful in determining the whole process and achieving success at the end of this process. Firstly, If there would be any kind of decision making, then through the help of innovative, adaptive, communicative and supportive skills, the manager might be able to handle the whole process. Not only that, but also there would be some positive results would be seen in it. Secondly, one thing which is necessary to be kept in notice that, if MR. XYZ is able to deliver his professional skills through the help of his personal skills, then there might be some different kinds of impacts being seen during the management processes. Let me list down some of them Successful process Easy communication Proper working Timely completion of work No Quality compromises Effective Leadership Efficient control Trust worthy working Value of manager would definitely be increased Chances of promotions Improvements might also be seen Thus, all of these seem to be proof that, if there is a proper usage of skills of an individual then there might be different kinds of results being seen in it. Methods To Improve Personal And Professional Skills Following are the methods through which one is able to improve the personal and professional skills; 1) Giving proper audits and assessments about things what they already know or necessary to be known to get some learning development plan option in an easier manner. 2) Learning and giving acknowledgement to personal development for sake of professional realms 3) Understanding the qualities 4) Relevant theoretical constructs formulation Answer #2 Personal Skill Audit Personal skills which are being inhibited, which are discussed earlier, they are as under interpersonal skills communicative skill self motivated Thus, if we make out audit of these personal skills then we might be able to get the result that all these three kinds of skills are positive and helpful in achieving a number of goals in life of a person; there are different approaches which are found over there. (Bob, J Michael, K. 2004) Firstly, interpersonal skills of individual are able to make different kind of information flow, between two people. These skills seem to be advantageous in nature, as one person is able to tell that what is the desired concern? Secondly, communicative skills are helpful in making communication in case of personal and professional life. Because of these skills, the confidence level of a person is very high. He or she might be able to convey message easily, with out any kind of lose of control. Thirdly, self motivated means that an individual is able to increase enthusiasm and motivation in other people as well. This can be made possible only because of supportive attitude which is being created because of self motivation. Thus, if there is always a carrying of these kinds of skills, then their directed usage might be helpful in getting success, in personal and professional life as well. They are helpful in making learning through them. How Main Theme Of Learning Program Have Impacted On My Work Role From the above discussion it is clear that there is a specified kind of impact which is being made over the work role. That is helpful in giving proper kind of differentiation in oneà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s own personal skill. Along with that they would be helpful in having a direct or indirect impact over the interpersonal and professional skills. Thus there are a number of benefits which are being attained through it; There is a higher level thinking skills development being made possible Interaction and familiarity with things were made possible. Increase in self esteem took place Enhancement of satisfaction occurred Promotion of the positive attitude all enhanced oral communication skills got a certain development There is an improvement in the social interaction skills Some kind of the active, apparently involved and definitely exploratory kind of attitude developed. There is an encouragement in the diversity of understanding which took place Safe environment learning took place. Improvement in self management skills took place Usage of constructivist approach become easier now The atmosphere of cooperation becomes a bit easier to be understood. Development in the interpersonal relationships occurred. Generation of the stronger kind of social support system took place. Promotion of some kind of innovation becomes visible. Skill building techniques and the practicing techniques were being analyzed frequently. All of these aspects are helpful in determining the corrective steps towards work. This seems to be positive as this helped a lot in giving a smooth kind of motivation along with the pre-determined kind of approach. One of the best thing about it is that there are positive results which are always determined through it. They seem to be perfect in its collaboration because of the innovative results which they used to give through it. These skills are not only helpful in giving a personal development but also there are some positive changes which are being seen in professional purposes as well. All of these aspects are key factors which are known to be derivatives of functional development of a person. Strengths Weaknesses At The Start Of Program Thus, if there is a need to make the impact short defined then strengths and weaknesses at the start of programs and end of program might be helpful. They would tell us that, which type of improvements, were being made. Let me describe you about them one by one. Strengths; Here is a list of some of the strengths mentioned below; Higher self motivation Devotion towards achievement of work/Success Best kind of techniques and tactics usage at different places Communicative skills Weaknesses; Multiple weaknesses were being felt, at the start of this program i.e. Less abilities to maintain stress Implementation of successful plans Thus, both of these strengths and weaknesses are those which were being determined at the start of this personal development process. Strengths Weaknesses At The End Of Program Thus, there were a number of improvements being felt at the end of this process. Reason behind this might be that, this is a special kind of learning program, which is being designed in order to teach a manager that how he or she might be able to make a distinction of their own work from the other people. Let me list down a number of strengths and weaknesses in this aspect. Strengths Increase in knowledge Techniques for handling a situation Improvement in handling stress in different conditions Determination of goals/ objectives and plans Know-how that how a successful goal achievement can be made Improvement in personal and professional skills Chances of improvement with in organization and outside an organization Weaknesses Still there is a need of more learning, so that processes of successful attempts can be made fastly Need to cope up with numerous time frames, of a number of cycles linked with working. Answer # 3 Personal Development Plan When there is a need to discuss the personal development plan then there is a need to know that there is a reflective record of management experience which is helpful in setting up the objectives and plans to meet goals. The personal development plan is as follows; First of all there is a need to do an understanding of some of the current required goals. These include the organizational as well as personal goals. Secondly this would be helpful in getting proper plan out. Through that there is a necessity of planning categorization being made. This is helpful in giving future positive results, which needs to be analyzed. After that getting the proper analyzing there is an option to get the implementation, monitoring and reviewing as well. This whole plan out would be helpful in getting the proper kind of end results Needs to understand current required of goals (Organizational Personal) Plan outs Need to make categories of planning Analyzing of Plans Implementation Monitoring Reviews End Results Personal development planning helps to attain potential and it helps to identify skills gaps and growth areas. In good Personal development planning you can do planning easily and promote your business further. In personal development plan employee enhances existing skills or knowledge and develops ground-breaking skills or expertise in its field. Identifying and Targeting the Dates For Monitoring And Reviews There is a need to make identification and targeting of dates for actions or goals being determined. This is because of numerous benefits which are associated with targeting dates. Thus for that purpose, let me give you some kind of tips, which might be effective in nature First of all, there is a need to make a note down of all goals Know about their importance Assign dates Dates should be assigned according to the time spam, which it might be taking while its completion process Make an overview of process Make timely check out, while processing of whole ongoing process Keeping in notice, if there is a need to make corrective actions at any step. Thus, all of these might be helpful because of the fact that, at the end of process, there might be some successful achievements. It is the duty of a manager, to keep proper check according to assigned dates. Thus, in end, I would like to include that, the end results of this ongoing process are almost beneficial in every aspect. As it is made through special categorization. But three main aspects linked with it use to include; Achievement Learning Visible change All of these three aspects are beneficial and part of fruitful results. Thus, they would only be ascertained if there is none kind of neglections or mistakes being taken in achievement of goal process. Short Term, Medium Term Long Term In order to determine goals the basic objective is to make strategy or make an analysis of financial statements of company. Thus, while talking about shot term goals of company, we would be able to know that, the current short tem goal can be to determine that what are the different problems being faced by company, what are their causes, and how they can be fixed while remaining in a certain boundary? Where as, medium term goals of a manager, use to include two basic aspects. First one is that if there is a need to make some changes, then how manager should adopt change with in organization? What are the reasons to change and how this change can be implemented so that company can make progress? This seems to be an open declaration for making strong decision making rules. These can be adaptive for sake of employees and company regulatories as well. (Ingham, J. 2007) Thirdly, the main thing is long term goals of an organization; they use to include effectiveness, efficiency and tactics for earning of profits. The better a manager is able to make some differentiation, wonderful might be the results seen because of it. Company would definitely be able to make benefit out of time factors. These can be analyzed from end results of these kinds of goals, actions and planning.